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Chemistry Fall Final
Fall final 2013 study guide for AP Chemistry
58
Chemistry
11th Grade
12/15/2013

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Term
A measure of the quantity of matter is
Definition
mass
Term
The liter is defined as
Definition
the SI standard base unit for volume
Term
Quantative observtaions are recorded using
Definition
numbers
Term
The base unit for mass is the
Definition
gram
Term
The abbreviation that represents a volume unit is
Definition
cubic meters (C^3)
Term
The SI base unit for time is
Definition
seconds
Term
The metric unit for length that is closet to the thickness of a dime is the
Definition
millimeter
Term
The abbreviation mm represents
Definition
millimeter
Term
The relationship between the mass of a material, its colume, and its denisty is
Definition
D=m/v
Term
Five darts strike near the center of the target. Whoever threw the darts is
Definition
precise
Term
To two significant figuresm the measurement 0.0255 g should be reported as
Definition
.03
Term
The number of significant figures in the measurement 170.040 km is
Definition
five
Term
The dimensions of a rectangular solid are measured to be 1.27 cm, 1.3 cm, and 2.5 cm. The volume should be recorded as
Definition
4.1275 cm^3
Term
Expressed in scientific notation, 0.0930 m is
Definition
9.3 x 10^-2
Term
The law of conservation of mass follows from the concept that
Definition
when elements react to form a compound, the total mass of the sum of the individual masses
Term
The law of definite proportions says
Definition
a compound contains the same elements in exact same ratio in mass regardless of sample size
Term
In a cathode tube, electrical current passes from one electrode, the ________, to the oppositely charged electrode.
Definition
cathode
Term
Experiments with cathode rays led to the discovery of the
Definition
proton
Term
Who explained the behavior of positively charged particles being deflected from a metal foil as the nucleus?
Definition
Rutherford
Term
In the gold foil experiment, most of the partiles fired at the foil
Definition
were not deflected at all
Term
The gold foil experiment led to the discovery of the
Definition
nucleus
Term
What did Rutherford conclude about the structure of the atom?
Definition
The atom has a central positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons
Term
A nuclear particle that has about the same mass as a proton, but with no electrical charge, is called a(n)
Definition
neutron
Term
The mass of a neutron is
Definition
slightly larger than that of a proton
Term
The nucleus of most atoms is composed of
Definition
protons and neutrons
Term
An aluminum isotope consists of 13 protons, 13 electrons, and 14 neutrons. Its mass number is
Definition

27

 

(add # of protons and neutrons)

Term
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different
Definition
numbers of neutrons
Term
Isotopes of an element contain different numbers of
Definition
neutrons
Term
When the light from excited atoms of an element is passed through a prism, the distinct colored lines produced are called
Definition
the electromagnetic spectrum
Term
Bohr's theory helped explain why
Definition
excited hydrogen gas gives off ceratain colors of light
Term
According to Bohr's atomic theory, an excited atom would
Definition
radiate energy
Term
If electrons in an atom have the lowest possible energies, the electrons are in their
Definition
ground state
Term
For an electron in an atom to change from the ground state to an excited state
Definition
it must absorb energy and one or more electrons must move to a higher electron shell
Term
Most of the volume of an atom is occupied bu the
Definition
nucleus
Term
The main energy levels of an atom are indicated by the
Definition
principle quantum number
Term
The letter designations for the first four sublevels with the number of electrons that can be accommidated in each sublevel are
Definition
1s, 3p, 5d, and 7f
Term
The number of orbitals for the d sublevel is
Definition
five
Term
The statement that an electron occupies the lowest available energy orbital is
Definition
the Aufbau Principle
Term
"Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin" is a statement of
Definition
Hund's Rule
Term
Two electrons in the 1s orbital must have different spin quantum numbers to satisfy
Definition
the Pauli Exclusion Principle
Term
The sequence in which energy sublevels are filled is specified by
Definition
the Aufbau Principle
Term
Mendeleev is credited with developing the first successful
Definition
periodic table
Term
The principle that states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers is
Definition
the periodic law
Term
The periodic law states that
Definition
all chemical elements have similar properties but can change by increasing the atomic number
Term
Elements in the same group have similar
Definition
properties
Term
To which group of the periodic table do Lithium and Potassium belong?
Definition
Alkali Metals
Term
To which group of the periodic table do Fluorine and Chlorine belong?
Definition
Halogens
Term
The outer electron configuration of an Alkali metal has
Definition
seven electrons
Term
The elements in group 17 are known by what name?
Definition
Halogens
Term
Trends in the properties of elements in a group or period can be explained in terms of
Definition
periodic law
Term
The effect of inner electrons on the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons of an atom is called
Definition
shielding
Term
One method of measuring the size of an atom involves calculating a value that is _______ the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
Definition
half
Term
Going down a group in the periodic table, electron shielding generally causes the effective nuclear charge to
Definition
decrease
Term
Going across a period in the periodic table, electron shielding generally has little effect. As a result, the effective nuclear charge
Definition
increases
Term
An anion
Definition
is an ion with a negative charge
Term
When the octet rule is satisfied, the outermost _____ are filled.
Definition
s and p orbitals
Term
The elements of the _________ group satisfy the octet rule without forming compounds.
Definition
Noble Gas
Term
Once an atom has full s and p orbitals in its outermost energy level,
Definition
it has a stable octet and is unreactive
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