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-units are °C, °F, K
-measured with thermometer
-AVERAGE kinetic energy |
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-units are calories/joules
-measured with calorimeter
-TOTAL kinetic energy |
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| q = (c)x(m)x(change in t) |
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| calories to joules conversion |
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reactivity
inert
caustic
flammability
corrosive |
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mass hardness melting point
density length specific heat
volume solubility boiling point
odor magnetism color malleability
ductivity electrical conductivity
thermal conductivity
crystallized shape |
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Top number = mass # = protons - neutrons
Bottom Number = atomic number = electrons (unless there's a charge) |
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first idea about atom
viewed as "uncuttable" |
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goal was to turn base metals into gold
experimentation important |
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| first formal theory of atom |
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1) all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible parts called atoms
2) atoms of same element are identical, and different from those of other elements
3) atoms may be separated, joined, or rearranged by chemical reactions |
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discovered electron with cathode ray
beam with magnets showed negative charge
PLUM PUDDING MODEL |
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discovered nucleus
gold foil experiment |
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studied atomic spectra of hydrogen
wavelengths of light
PLANETARY MODEL |
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de Boglie: wavelike nature of matter
Schrodinger: wave equation defined shape of orbitals
Heisenberg: uncertainty principle |
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| discovered neutron because it provided more mass than proton |
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1 cloud
capacity of 2 electrons
sphere shape |
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3 clouds
capacity of 6 electrons
hourglass shape |
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5 clouds
capacity of 10 electrons
clover shape |
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7 clouds
capacity of 14 electrons
complex shape |
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Red: long wavelengths, short frequency
Violet: short wavelength, long frequency
(from purple to red) gamma, xrays, ultra violet, visible, infrared, microwaves, tv, radio |
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| atomic radius in periodic table |
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| larger as you go left and down |
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| ionization energy in periodic table |
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| bigger as you go up and right |
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| electron affinity in periodic table |
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| bigger as you go up and right |
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metal/nonmetal
Regular with "ide" ending |
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metal/nonmetal (with TRANSITION METAL)
regular with roman numerals (if necessary) and "ide" ending |
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| Binary Molecular (Covalent) |
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nonmetal/nonmetal
prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca) |
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Regular with roman numerals with transition metals when necessary
"ide" ending |
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name begins with hydro
"ic" ending |
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| acid naming (oxygen present/including polyatomic ion) |
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"ite" --> "ous"
"ate" --> "ic"
NO HYDRO |
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| pull atoms have for electrons in a bond |
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| Elements are negatively charged when... |
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| it takes electrons away from others |
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| Electrons are positibely charged when... |
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| it gets an electron taken away by another |
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H: needs 2 e-
Be: needs 4 e-
B: needs 6 e- |
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linear geometry
linear shape |
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trigonal planar geometry
trigonal planar/bent shape |
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tetrahedral geometry
tetrahedral/pyramidal/bent shape |
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| equations must be balanced due to... |
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| law of conservation of matter |
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tera giga mega kilo hecto deca (base) deci centi milli micro nano pico
Thank God My Karate Helps Ditch (unkind) Dudes Cuz Mean Men Need Punching |
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