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Chemistry Exam Terms
For Mr. Holloway's Class
72
Chemistry
10th Grade
12/12/2010

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Term
Chemical
Definition
Any substance that has a defined composition
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
Term
States of Matter
Definition
The physical forms of matter, which are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
Term
Reactant
Definition
A substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction
Term
Product
Definition
A substance that forms in a chemical reaction
Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
Volume
Definition
A measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space
Term
Mass
Definition
A measure of the amount of matter in an object; a fundamental property of an object that is not affected by the forces that act on the object, such as the gravitational force
Term
Weight
Definition
A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe
Term
Quantity
Definition
Something that has magnitude, size, or amount
Term
Unit
Definition
A quantity adopted as a standard of measurement
Term
Conversion factor
Definition
A ratio that is derived from the equality of two different units that can be used to convert from one unit to the other
Term
Physical Property
Definition
A characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness
Term
Density
Definition
The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance; oftem expressed as grams per cubic centimeter for solids and liquids and as grams per liter for gases
Term
Chemical Property
Definition
A property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in chemical reactions
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
Term
Pure Substance
Definition
A sample of a matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties
Term
Element
Definition
A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
Term
Molecule
Definition
The smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance; it can consist of one atom or two or more atoms bonded together
Term
Compound
Definition
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Term
Mixture
Definition
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Term
Homogeneous
Definition
Describes something that has a uniform structure or composition throughout
Term
Heterogeneous
Definition
Composed of dissimilar components
Term
Energy
Definition
The capacity to do work
Term
Physical Change
Definition
A change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
Term
Chemical Change
Definition
A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties
Term
Evaportation
Definition
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
Term
Endothermic
Definition
Describes a process in which heat is absorbed from the environment
Term
Exothermic
Definition
Describes a process in which a system releases heat into the environment
Term
Law of Conservation of Energy
Definition
The law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
Term
Heat
Definition
The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures; energy is always transferred from high-temperature objects to lower-temperature objects until thermal equilibrium is reached
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
The energy of an object that is due to the object's motion
Term
Temperature
Definition
A measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
Term
Specific Heat
Definition
The quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogeneous material 1 K or 1 C in a specified way given constant pressure and volume
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
A series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating hyopothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
A theory or explanation that is based on observation and that can be tested
Term
Theory
Definition
An explanation for some Phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning
Term
Law
Definition
A summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work
Term
Law of Conservation of Mass
Definition
The law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
Term
Accuracy
Definition
A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured
Term
Precision
Definition
The exactness of a measurement
Term
Significant Figure
Definition
A prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off to be done on the precision of the measurement
Term
Chemistry
Definition
The study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Term
Quality
Definition
An essential or distinctive characteristic, property, or attribute; how good something is
Term
Electron
Definition
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Term
Proton
Definition
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number, whic determines the identity of an element
Term
Neutron
Definition
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
The mass of an atom expressed in atomic units
Term
Orbital
Definition
A region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons
Term
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Definition
All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
Term
Mole
Definition
The SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12
Term
Avogadro's Number
Definition
6.02x1023, the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mol.
Term
Group
Definition
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; elements in a group share chemical properties
Term
Period
Definition
In chemistry, a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
Term
Alkali Metal
Definition
One of the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium)
Term
Alkaline Metal
Definition
One of the elements of Group 2 of the periodic table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium)
Term
Transition Metal
Definition
One of the metals that can use the inner shell before using the outer shell to bond
Term
Lanthanide
Definition
A member of the rare-earth series of elements, who atomic numbers range from 58 (cerium) to 71 (lutetium)
Term
Actinide
Definition
Any of the elements of the actinide series, which have atomic numbers from 89 (actinium, Ac) through 103 (lawrencium, Lr)
Term
Valence Electron
Definition
An electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom that determies the atom's chemical properties
Term
Octet Rule
Definition
A concept of chemical bonding theory that is based on the assumption that atoms tend to have either empty valence shells of full valence shells of eight electrons
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
Term
Cation
Definition
An ion that has a positive charge
Term
Anion
Definition
An ion that has a negative charge
Term
Polyatomic Ion
Definition
An ion made of two or more atoms
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
A bond formed when cations and anions attract
Term
Empirical Formula
Definition
A chemical formula that shows the composition of a compound in terms of the relative numbers and kinds of atoms in the simplest ratio
Term
Molecular Formula
Definition
A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms
Term
Coefficient
Definition
A small whole number that appears as a factor in from of a formula in a chemical reaction
Term
Combustion
Definition
The oxidation reaction of an organic compound, in which heat is released
Term
Yields
Definition
The measured amount of a product of a reaction
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