Term
| These are C=O (carbonyl group) bonded to a hydrogen group or to 2 hydrogen atoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The is a carbonly (C=O) group bonded to 2 carbon atoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Naming Aldehydes/Keytone you have to change? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In unsaturated aldehydes you change the ending to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The suffix -en such as in -enal means? |
|
Definition
| It means it is a carbon, carbon double bond.(C=C) |
|
|
Term
| What is the carbonyl functional group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hydroxy group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keytone include how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This group includes all carbons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ones are easy to oxidize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tollen's Reagent contains what? |
|
Definition
| Silver Nitrate and Ammonia |
|
|
Term
| If it is a aldehyde, you change the e ending to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If it is a keytone, you change the e ending to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of alcohols can be oxidized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of keytones can be oxidized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When reduction happens in keytones the end product is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldehydes are linked to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the simpliest type of alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldehydes start at which carbon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know what the functional group is R-O-H |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you indicate the presence of the carbonyl group? |
|
Definition
| Change the ending -ane to -one |
|
|
Term
| The correct name for acetone is? |
|
Definition
| 2-propanol, the carbonly group is on position # 2. |
|
|
Term
| The carbonyl carbon gets which number? |
|
Definition
| They get the lowest number. |
|
|
Term
| These groups always start at carbon #1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These groups you have to indicate the position # of the carbon where it is attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of bonds do carboxylic acids have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formaldehyde has how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetaldehyde has how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetone has how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which compounds can not be fully oxidized and can not be oxidized but can be reduced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All aldehydes are converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reductions, aldehydes get converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reductions, keytones get converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium borohydrate (NaBH4) an aldehyde is reduced to? |
|
Definition
| An alcohol, won't reduce the double bond - it is a selective reducing agent. |
|
|
Term
| Lactate is what type of alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reducing Agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohols are added onto aldehydes to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydroxyl groups can be added onto a hydroxypentanal to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a keto-enol equilibrium, which one predominates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of carboxylic acids? |
|
Definition
| Polar, high boiling point, strong hydrogen bonding, soluble in water. |
|
|
Term
| What is added to the ending of a carboxylic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The carbonyl carbon is at the end of the chain, an always is which carbon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To name a dicarboxylic acid, add the suffix? |
|
Definition
| -dioc such as in anedioic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic properties of carboxylic acids? |
|
Definition
| High boiling point, dimers |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic properties of aldehydes? |
|
Definition
| less soluble in water, slightly soluble in water |
|
|
Term
| Which type of fatty acids have more than one carbon-carbon double bond? (C=C) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the saturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Saturated fatty acids have which type of bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of acids are important for making soaps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of acids are capable of loosing their hydrogen ion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of fatty acids have low melting points? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of fatty acids have high melting points and stay solid in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of acids are important for producing soaps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a substance has more chlorine atoms it becomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When substances become more substituted, they become have more? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When something is more acidic, it has more of these types of ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When there is a low concentration of hydrogen ions it has what type of pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces water-soluble salts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbonic Acid gives off what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for acetic gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The formation of esters is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Fischer esterification, you add alcohol or remove water will move the reaction toward the ester or toward the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carboxylic acids can undergo decarboxylation which results in a loss of? |
|
Definition
| Carbon atom in the form of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| These acids are resistant to heating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidation is the process where you lose ______ or gain _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is this structure called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An aldehyde reduces to a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In reduction, you gain ______ and you lose _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -enol is an example of a _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -al is an example of an _________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| OH - represents an _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COOH - represents a _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NH2 represents an _________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group does (-NO2) belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group does (-SO3H) belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of alcohols and keytones can be oxidized? |
|
Definition
| Primary alcohols and secondary keytones. |
|
|
Term
| Keytones are reduced to ______ alcohols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the simplest type of alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which group starts at carbon #1 with no numbering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You change -ane to -one to indicate the presence of which group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What carbon gets the lowest number? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With _______ you have to indicate the position of C #1. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With ______ it is an al without the 1 in front such as 1-pentanal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of alcohols have the strongest hydrogen bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbons does formaldehyde have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbons does formaldehyde have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many carbons does acetone have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of compounds can not be fully oxidized but can be reduced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactate is what type of alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a reducing agents (gains hydrogen or loses oxygen)? |
|
Definition
| NaOH, metal catalyst, NaBH4, and H2O. |
|
|
Term
| Alcohols are added onto _______ to form hemiacetals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____ is added onto a hydroxypentanal to form a cyclic hemiacetal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the interchange of keytones and enols. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The A carbon is the carbon adjacent to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will dominate in a Keto-enol equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 characteristics of carboxylic acids? |
|
Definition
| Polar, high boiling point, strong hydrogen bonding, and soluble in water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what group is the carbon at the end of the chain and is number 1 so there is no need to give it a number? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To name a dicarboxylic acid, add the suffix _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for IUPAC name for lauric acid? |
|
Definition
| Dodecanoic acid (12 carbons) |
|
|
Term
| What is the IUPAC name for myristic acid? |
|
Definition
| Tetradecanoic acid (14 carbons) |
|
|
Term
| What is the IUPAC name for palmitic acid? |
|
Definition
| Hexadecanoic acid (16 carbons) |
|
|
Term
| What is the IUPAC name for stearic acid? |
|
Definition
| Octadecanoic acid (18 carbons) |
|
|
Term
| What is the IUPAC name for arachidic acid? |
|
Definition
| Eicosanoic acid (20 carbons) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two characteristics of carboxylic acids? |
|
Definition
| High boiling point, dimers |
|
|
Term
| _____fatty acids have more than 1 c=c. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the five saturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Saturated fatty acids have which kinds of bonds? |
|
Definition
| Carbon carbon single bonds. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| They have low melting points. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| They have a high melting point and stay solid in the body. |
|
|
Term
| Which acids are important for producing soaps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of group does detergents have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of acids are capable of losing their hydrogen atoms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A solution with more chlorine ions makes it become more______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a chemical becomes more substituted, it has more _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which acids produce water-soluble salts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ammonia is a ______ base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for acetic gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the name for the formation of esters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carboxylic esters reacts with alcohol and forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Fischer esterification, add alcohol or remove water will move the reaction towards the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A low pH means there is ________ hydrogen ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Fischer esterification, when you add more water it moves to the direction of the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carboxlic acids are resistant to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of an aldehyde and Tollens agent or oxidizing agent will produce a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldehydes are reduced to a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keytones are reduced to a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the catalysts? |
|
Definition
| NaBH4, H2O, and metal catalysts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different orientation of their atoms. |
|
|
Term
| Isomers with the same connectivity become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereoisomers without stereocenters become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isomers with different connectivity become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereoisomers with stereocenters become either? |
|
Definition
| Enantiomers or diastereomers |
|
|
Term
| The two types of chiral stereoisomers are? |
|
Definition
| Enantiomers and Diasteremers |
|
|
Term
| A type of achiral stereoisomers are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the reflection of an object in a mirror. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enantiomers are a pair of sterioisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images. |
|
|
Term
| What is a racemic mixture? |
|
Definition
| A racemic mixture contains equal amounts of two enantiomers and does not rotate the plane of polarized light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images. |
|
|
Term
| Which objects are chiral? |
|
Definition
| An object that is not superposable on its mirror image is said to be chiral; it has handedness. |
|
|
Term
| Which are achiral objects? |
|
Definition
| An achiral object lacks chirality (handedness); that is, it has a superposable mirror image. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of thirality in organic molecules? |
|
Definition
| The presence of a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it. Such a carbon is called a stereocenter. |
|
|
Term
| How do we specify the configuration of a stereocenter? |
|
Definition
| We use the R,S system to specify the configuration of a stereocenter. |
|
|
Term
| How many stereoisomers are possible for molecules with two or more stereocenters? |
|
Definition
| For a molecule with n stereocenters, the maximum number of stereoisomers possible is 2n. |
|
|
Term
| What does plane polarized mean? |
|
Definition
| Light with waves that vibrate in only parallel planes. |
|
|
Term
| What is polarimeter used to measure? |
|
Definition
| It is used to measure optical activity. |
|
|
Term
| What is optical activity? |
|
Definition
| A compound is said to be optically active if it rotates the plane of polarized light. |
|
|
Term
| Dextrorotatory means that the compound rotates in which direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levorotory means the compound rotates the plane in which direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cis and trans stereoisomers of 2-butene are achiral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde, ketone, caroxylic acid, or ester cannot be a stereocenter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stereoisomers have the same connectivity of their atoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unmarked cube is achiral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An unmarked cube is achiral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different like your hands and feet are chiral. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It means it looks the same and can be euperimposed on one another. |
|
|
Term
| Every object in nature has a mirror image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common cause of chirality in organic molecules is the presence of a tetrahedral carbon atome with four different groups bonded to it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a molecule is not superposable on its mirror image, the molecule is chiral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the term "achiral" mean? |
|
Definition
| An achiral object has no handedness; it is an object whose mirror image is superposable on the original. An example is methane, CH4. |
|
|
Term
| In what way are constitutional isomers different from stereoisomers? In what way are they the same? |
|
Definition
| Both constitutional isomers and stereoisomers have the same molecular formula. Whereas stereoisomers have the same connectivity, constitutional isomers have a different connectivity of their atoms. |
|
|
Term
| 2-Pentanol is chiral but 3-pentanol is not. Explain |
|
Definition
| 2-Pentanol has a stereocenter (carbon 2). 3-Pentanol has no stereocenter. |
|
|
Term
| Explain why the carbon of a carbonyl group cannot be a stereocenter? |
|
Definition
| The carbon of a carbonyl group has only three groups bonded to it. To be a stereocenter, a carbon must have four different groups bonded to it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fourth most common element of organic compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines have the effect of? |
|
Definition
| depression, suppress appetite, reduce hyperactivity, suppress appetite, reduce fatigue, and elevate mood |
|
|
Term
| What is an aliphatic amine? |
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to alkyl groups or hydrogens. |
|
|
Term
| What is an aromatic amine? |
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to one or more aromatic rings. |
|
|
Term
| What is a heterocyclic amine? |
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of a ring. |
|
|
Term
| What is a heterocyclic aromatic amine? |
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of an aromatic ring. |
|
|
Term
| What is an aliphatic amine? |
|
Definition
| An aliphatic amine is one in which all the carbons bonded to nitrogen are derived from alkyl groups. |
|
|
Term
| What is an aromatic amine? |
|
Definition
| An aromatic amine is one in which one or more of the groups bonded to nitrogen are aryl groups. |
|
|
Term
| What is a heterocyclic amine? |
|
Definition
| An amine in which the nitrogen atom is part of a ring. |
|
|
Term
| What is a heterocyclic aliphatic amine? |
|
Definition
| When the ring is saturated. |
|
|
Term
| What is a heterocyclic aliphatic amine? |
|
Definition
| When the nitrogen is part of an aromatic ring. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important heterocyclic aromatic amines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The final -e of the parent alkane is dropped and replaced by -amine. |
|
|
Term
| Trimethylamine is found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find the compound 1,5-pentanediamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amines are polar compounds and both primary and secondary amines have what type of bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which types of amines do not form hydrogen bonds with one another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aromatic amines and heterocyclic amines are considerable weaker bases than? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what type of amine are all the carbon atoms bonded to nitrogen are derived from alkyl groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amines are one or more of the groups bonded to nitrogen are aryl groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In IUPAC nomenclature, which type of amines are named by changing the final -3 of the parent alkane to -amine and using a number to locate the amino group on the parent chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The simpliest aldehyde is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In methanal, the carbonyl group is bonded to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ______ is a carbonyl group bonded to two carbons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The carbonyl group of a ________ can only appear at the end of the parent chain, the numbering must start with it being carbon #1. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We change the ending of -ane to -enal for? |
|
Definition
| For aldehydes with unsaturated, double bonds. -en to show it is a double bond and -al to show it is an aldehyde. |
|
|
Term
| In aldehydes, carbon number one starts with which group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Change the ending -e to -one for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In numbering keytones, carbon number one starts where? |
|
Definition
| To give the lowest number the carbonyl carbon group. |
|
|
Term
| The common name for 2-propanone, the IUPAC name is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The simpliest keytone is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which compounds can you find the carbonyl group? |
|
Definition
| Keytones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
| Aldehydes are oxidized to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These compounds resist oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which compounds are reduced to primary alcohols. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reduced to secondary alcohols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The addition of alcohol to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a keytone form a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule containing a carbon bonded to one -OH group and one -OR group; the product of adding one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone |
|
|
Term
| In a hemiacetal, the H of the alcohol adds to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a hemiacetal, the -OR group of the alcohol gets added to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemiacetals can react further with alcohols to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functional group of an acetal is a carbon bonded to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In goint from a hemiacetal to acetal formation, if we want to drive it to the right to acetal, we can? |
|
Definition
| We use a large excess of alcohol or remove water. |
|
|
Term
| To move to the left ( hydrolysis of the acetal to the original aldehyde or ketone and alcohol),we have to? |
|
Definition
| Use a large excess of water. |
|
|
Term
| What does an aldehyde contain? |
|
Definition
| A carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. |
|
|
Term
| What does a ketone contain? |
|
Definition
| A carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms. |
|
|
Term
| How Do We Name Aldehydes and Ketones? |
|
Definition
| We derive the IUPAC name of an aldehyde by changing the -e of the parent alkane to -al. |
|
|
Term
| We derive the IUPAC name of a _______ by changing the -e of the parent alkane to -one and using a number to locate the carbonyl carbon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Are the Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones? |
|
Definition
| Aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds. They have higher boiling points and are more soluble in water than nonpolar compounds of comparable molecular weight. |
|
|
Term
| What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones? |
|
Definition
| Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids but ketones resist oxidation. |
|
|
Term
| Tollens’ reagent is used to test for? |
|
Definition
| the presence of aldehydes. |
|
|
Term
| Aldehydes can be reduced to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Addition of a molecule of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone produces a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hemiacetal can react with another molecule of alcohol to produce an? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Is Keto-Enol Tautomerization? |
|
Definition
| A molecule containing an -OH group bonded to a carbon of a carbon– carbon double bond is called an enol. |
|
|
Term
| Constitutional isomers that differ in the location of a hydrogen atom and a double bond are called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of an Aldehyde to a Carboxylic Acid, the _____ group is among the most easily oxidized organic functional groups. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidizing agents include: |
|
Definition
| K2Cr2O7, Tollens’ reagent, and O2. |
|
|
Term
| Reduction of aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols by H2 in the presence of: |
|
Definition
| A transition metal catalyst such as Pt or Ni. |
|
|
Term
| Reduction of aldehydes are reduced to alcohols by: |
|
Definition
| Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, followed by protonation. |
|
|
Term
| Formation of _____ is catalyzed by acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are hydrolyzed in aqueous acid to an aldehyde or ketone and two molecules of an alcohol. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In Keto-Enol Tautomerism, the ____ form generally predominates at equilibrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is found in stale perspiration. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pentanoic acid smells even worse than: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ have a characteristic sour taste. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are long, unbranched-chain carboxylic acids, most commonly consisting of 12 to 20 carbons. They are derived from the hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, and the phospholipids of biological membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three most abundant fatty acids in nature are: |
|
Definition
| palmitic acid ( 16: 0), stearic acid ( 18: 0), and oleic acid |
|
|
Term
| In most unsaturated fatty acids, the ___ isomer predominates; the ____ isomer is rare. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ fatty acids have lower melting points than their ______ counterparts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The greater the degree of unsaturation, the _____ the melting point. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare, for example, the melting points of the following 18- carbon fatty acids: ______, with three carbon–carbon double bonds, has the lowest melting point of the four fatty acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two most commonly found in health food supplements are: |
|
Definition
| eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. |
|
|
Term
| _____ is an important fatty acid in the marine food chain and serves as a precursor in humans of several members of the prostacyclin and thromboxane families. |
|
Definition
| Eicosapentaenoic acid, C20H30O2, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hydrolysis of an ester in aqueous NaOH or KOH to an alcohol and the sodium or potassium salt of a carboxylic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Carboxylic acids are ____ acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ acid is used as a topical astringent and as a treatment for genital warts in males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The name of the anion is derived from the name of the carboxylic acid by dropping the suffix? |
|
Definition
| - ic acid and adding the suffix - ate. |
|
|
Term
| Salts of carboxylic acids are named in the same manner as the salts of inorganic acids: The ______ is named first and then the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ group is one of the organic functional groups that is most resistant to reduction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fischer Esterification Treatment of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst— most commonly, concentrated sulfuric acid— gives an: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decarboxylation is the loss of _____ from a carboxyl group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3- Oxobutanoic acid and 3- hydroxybutanoic acid are known collectively as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Are Carboxylic Acids? |
|
Definition
| The functional group of a carboxylic acid is the carboxyl group, -COOH. |
|
|
Term
| How Do We Name Carboxylic Acids? |
|
Definition
| IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are derived from the name of the parent alkane by dropping the suffix -e and adding -oic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Dicarboxylic acids are named as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Are the Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids? |
|
Definition
| Carboxylic acids are polar compounds. Consequently, they have higher boiling points and are more soluble in water than alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and ethers of comparable molecular weight. |
|
|
Term
| What Are Soaps and Detergents? |
|
Definition
| Fatty acids are long, unbranched- chain carboxylic acids. They can be saturated or unsaturated. |
|
|
Term
| A triglyceride is a triester of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _____ is a spherical arrangement of molecules in an aqueous environment in which the hydrocarbon parts are on the inside and the hydrophilic parts are on the surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Carboxylic Acids? |
|
Definition
| Carboxylic acids are weak acids, which react with strong bases to form water-soluble salts. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst gives an? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When exposed to a very high temperature, carboxylic acids can undergo: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functional group of an anhydride consists of: |
|
Definition
| two carbonyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom. |
|
|
Term
| The functional group of an ester is a carbonyl group bonded to an: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functional group of an amide is a: |
|
Definition
| carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom. |
|
|
Term
| We name amides by dropping the suffix: |
|
Definition
| -oic acid from the IUPAC name of the parent acid, or - ic acid from its common name, and add - amide. |
|
|
Term
| Recall that cyclic esters are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only one enantiomer of ibuprofen and naproxen is active: Only the ____ of each has the correct handedness to bind to COX and inhibit its activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How Do We Prepare Amides? |
|
Definition
| We can form an amide by treating a carboxylic acid with an amine and removing iOH from the acid and an iH from the amine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis is a chemical decomposition involving breaking a bond and the addition of the elements of water. |
|
|
Term
| What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides? |
|
Definition
| These reactions have in common the addition of the oxygen or nitrogen atom to the carboxyl carbon and the hydrogen atom to the carbonyl oxygen to give a tetrahedral car-bonyl addition intermediate. This intermediate then collapses to regenerate the carbonyl group and give either a new carboxyl derivative or a carboxylic acid itself. |
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|
Term
| Hydro-lysis of esters in aqueous acid, also an equilibrium reaction, is the reverse of Fischer esterification. A large excess of water drives the equilibrium to the? |
|
Definition
| right to form the carboxylic acid and alcohol ( Le Chatelier’s principle |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis of an ester in aqueous acid is ______. Hydrolysis in aqueous base is _______ because the carboxylate anion does not react with water or hydroxide ion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The products of the hydrolysis of an ester are _______. If hydrolysis is carried out in aqueous NaOH, the carboxylic acid is converted to its sodium salt. |
|
Definition
| a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis of an amide gives a? |
|
Definition
| carboxylic acid and an amine. If the hydrolysis is carried out in aqueous acid, the amine is converted to its ammonium salt. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis of an amide in aqueous acid requires: |
|
Definition
| one mole of acid per mole of amide. |
|
|
Term
| Anhydrides react with alcohols and phenols to give: |
|
Definition
| one mole of ester and one mole of a carboxylic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Esters react with ammonia and with 1° and 2° amines to form: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The functional group of a phosphoric anhydride consists of: |
|
Definition
| two phosphoryl(P=O) groups bonded to the same oxygen atom. |
|
|
Term
| Step- growth polymers form from: |
|
Definition
| the reaction of molecules containing two functional groups, with each new bond being created in a separate step. |
|
|
Term
| three types of step- growth polymers: |
|
Definition
| polyamides, polyesters, and polycarbonates. |
|
|
Term
| What Are Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides? |
|
Definition
| A carboxylic anhydride contains two carbonyl groups bonded to the same oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| A carboxylic ester contains a carbonyl group bonded to an: |
|
Definition
| –OR group derived from an alcohol or a phenol. |
|
|
Term
| A ______ contains a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom derived from an amine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How Do We Prepare Esters? |
|
Definition
| The most common laboratory method for the preparation of esters is Fischer esterification |
|
|
Term
| How Do We Prepare Amides? |
|
Definition
| Amides can be prepared by the reaction of an amine with a carboxylic anhydride. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a bond is split and the elements of H2O are added. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis of a carboxylic anhydride gives: |
|
Definition
| two molecules of carboxylic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester requires the presence of either? |
|
Definition
| concentrated aqueous acid or base. |
|
|
Term
| Acid is a catalyst and the reaction is the reverse of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a reactant and is required in stoichiometric amounts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrolysis of a carboxylic amide requires the presence of either: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both ________ and _________ are reactants and are required in stoichiometric amounts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Are Phosphoric Anhydrides and Phosphoric Esters? |
|
Definition
| Phosphoric anhydrides consist of two phosphoryl groups (P=O) bonded to the same oxygen atom. |
|
|
Term
| What Is Step-Growth Polymerization? |
|
Definition
| Step- growth polymerization involves the stepwise reaction of difunctional monomers. |
|
|
Term
| Important commercial polymers synthesized through step-growth processes include: |
|
Definition
| polyamides, polyesters, and polycarbonates. |
|
|
Term
| What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a bond is split and the elements of H2O are added. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of rules for specifying configuration about a stereocenter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From the Latin rectus, meaning "straight, correct"; used in the R,S system to show that, when the lowest-priority of groups on a stereocenter is clockwise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An object that lacks chirality; an object that is superposable on its miror image. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From the Greek cheir, meaning "hand"; an object that is not superposable on its mirror image. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The clockwise (to the right) rotation of the plane of polarized light in a polarimeter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable mirror images; refers to a relationship between pairs of objects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The counterclockwise rotation of the place of polarized light in a polarimeter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reflection of an object in a mirror. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Showing that a compound rotates the plane of polarized light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light vibrating in only parallel planes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An instrument for measuring the ability of a compound to rotate the plane of polarized light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From the Latin sinister, meaning "left"; used in the R,S system to show that, when the lowest-priority group is away from you, the order of priority of groups on a stereocenter is counterclockwise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is bonded only to alkyl groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A basic nitrogen-containing compound of plant origin, many of which have physiological activity when admisinstered to humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is bonded to one or more aromatic rings. |
|
|
Term
| Heterocyclic aliphatic amine |
|
Definition
| A heterocyclic amine in which nitrogen is bonded only to alkyl groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of a ring. |
|
|
Term
| Heterocyclic aromatic amine |
|
Definition
| An amine in which nitrogen is one of the atoms of an aromatic ring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule containing two -OR groups bonded to the same carbon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule containing an -OH group bonded to a carbon of a carbon-carbon double bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A molecule containing a carbon bonded to one -OH and one -OR group; the product of adding one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or keytone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constitutional isomers that differ in the location of an H atom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The loss of CO2 from a caroxyl (-COOH) group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A synthetic soap. The most common are the linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acids (LAS). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound in which the -OH of a carboxyl group, RCOOH, is replaced by an _OR' (alkoxy) group or -Oar (aryloxy) group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long, unbranched chain carboxylic acid, most commonly with 10-20 carbon atoms, derived from animal fats, vegetable oils, or the phospholipids of biological membranes. The hydrocarbon chain may be saturated or unsaturated. In most unsaturated fatty acids, the cis isomer predominates. Trans isomers are rare. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of forming an ester by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, commonly sulfuric acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of several ketone-based molecules-for example, acetone, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid) and acetoacetic acid (3-oxobutanoic acid)-produced in the liver during over-utilization of fatty acids when the supply of carbohydrates is limited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sperical arrangement of molecules in aqueous solution such that their hydrophobic (water-hating) parts are shielded from the aqueous environment and their hydrophilic (water-loving) parts are on the surface of the sphere and in contact with the aqueous environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hydrolysis of an ester in aqueous NaOH or KOH to give an alcohol and the sodium or potassium salt of a carboxylic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid. |
|
|
Term
| Step-growth polymerization |
|
Definition
| A polymerization in which chain growth occurs in a stepwise manner between difunctional monomers-as, for example, between adipic acid and hemamethylenediamine to form nylon-66. |
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|
