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| height of a wave from the origin to crest or from the origin to trough; depends on the amount of energy in the wave |
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| set of frequencies of electromagnetic waves given off by atoms of an element; consists of a series of fine lines of individual colors |
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| three dimensional region around the nucleus of an atom that describes an electron's probable location |
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| states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available |
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| predicts that all moving particles have wave characteristics and relates each particle's wavelength to its frequency, its mass, and Planck's constant |
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| electromagnetic radiation |
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form of energy exhibiting wavelike behavior as it travels through space;
can be described by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed and includes visible light, microwaves, X rays, and radio waves |
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| includes all forms of electromagnetic radiation, with the only differences in the types of radiation being their frequencies and wavelengths |
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the arrangement of electrons in an atom
follows aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule |
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| consists of an element's symbol surrounded by dots representing the atom's valence electrons |
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| the energy levels contained within a principal energy level |
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| the number of waves that pass a given point per second |
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| the lowest allowable energy state of an atom |
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| Heisenberg uncertainty principle |
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| states that it is not possible to know precisely both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time |
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| states that single electrons with the same spin must ocuupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals |
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| Pauli exclusion principle |
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| states that a maximum of two electrons may occupy a single atomic orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins |
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| a phenomenon in which photo-electrons are emitted froma metal's surface when light of a certain frequency shines on the surface |
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| a particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy |
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| h; which has a value of 6.626 x 10^-34 Joule seconds |
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| major energy levels of an atom |
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| n, which the quantum mechanical model assighs to indicate the relative sizes and energies of atomic orbitals |
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| the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom |
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| quantum mechanical model of the atom |
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| an atomic model in which electrons are treated as waves; also called the wave mechanical model of the atom |
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| the electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals; determine the chemical properties of an element |
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| the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave; is usually expressed in meters, centimeters or nanometers |
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c is the speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s)
λ is the wavelength (can be meters, cm, nanometers)
ν is the frequency (measured in Hertz, cycles per second) |
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