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Chemistry 1a
Chemistry GCSE
55
Science
11th Grade
12/30/2016

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Cards

Term
What is the nucleus of an atom?
Definition
The middle of the atom containing protons & neutrons. It has a positive charge overall and is tiny compared to the rest of the atom.
Term
What are Electrons?
Definition
They move around the nucleus occupying shells (which explain the whole of chemistry). They are negatively charged.
Term
What are Protons?
Definition
They are positively charges inside the nucleus. The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in an atom.
Term
What are neutrons? 
Definition
They have no charge and are in the nucleus.
Term
What is an element?
Definition
A substance containing only one type of atom.
Term
What is the Periodic table?
Definition
A table containing elements laid out so that elements with similar properties form columns called groups.
Term
What do all of the elements in a group have in common?
Definition
They all have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
Term
What are Group 0 in the periodic table?
Definition
They are the noble gases and have a full outer shell which means they are all stable and unreactive.
Term
Name the 5 rules of Electron Shells.
Definition

1.Electrons always occupy shells

2. The lowest energy levels are always filled first

3. Only a certain number of electrons are allowed in each shell: 1st = 2, 2nd = 8, 3rd = 8, 4th = 8 and so on

4. Atoms need full electron shells to become unreactive

5.If the outer shell is not full then the atom will react to fill it

 

 
Term
What is the top number of an atom in the periodic table?
Definition
The Mass Number (total number of protons and neutrons)
Term
What is the bottom number of an atom in the periodic table?
Definition
The Atomic Number (The number of Protons/Electrons)
Term
What is Ionic Bonding?
Definition

When a compound is formed from a metal ion and a non-metal ion. The metal atom lose electrons to form positive ions and the non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions. The opposite charges mean the ions are strongly attracted to each other.

eg.NaCl

Term

What is Covalent Bonding?

 

Definition

A compound formed from non-metals. Each atom shares an electron with another atom. Each atom has to make enough covalent bonds to fill up its outer shell.

eg. HCl

Term
What is the equation for the Thermal Decomposition of Limestone (Calcium Carbonate)?
Definition

Calcium Carbonate ➙ Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide

CaCO3(s) ➙ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

 

Term

What is the equation for the reaction of Limestone (Calcium Carbonate) with Sulfuric Acid?

 

Definition

Calcium Carbonate + Sulfuric Acid ➙ Calcium Sulfate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

CaCO3 ➙ H2SO4 + H20 + CO2

 

 

Term
Name three Limestone uses in building materials.
Definition

1. Cement

2. Mortar

3. Concrete

Term
Name five disadvantages of Quarrying Limestone.
Definition

1. Makes huge ugly holes which damage the landscape.

2. Makes lots of (noise) pollution.

3. Destroys habitats of animals and birds.

4. The limestone needs to be transported away from the quarry in lorries causing more (noise) pollution and traffic.

5. Waste materials cause unslightly tips.

Term

Name five advantages of Quarrying Limestone.

 

Definition

1. Provides things that people need (houses and roads).

2. Limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil.

3. Limestone is used in power station chimneys to neutralise sulfur dioxide (a cause of acid rain).

4. The quarry and associated buisnesses provide jobs and brings more money into the local economy.

5. Once quarrying is complete, landscaping and restoration of the area is normally required as part of the planning permission.

Term

Name five advantages of  Limestone.

 

Definition

1. Widely available

2. Hard-wearing

3. Don't rot

4. Doesn't corrode

5. Fire-reststant

Term
Name two disadvantages of Limestone.
Definition

1. Unattractive to look at

2. Low tensile strength

Term
What is an Ore?
Definition
A rock which contains enough metal to make it worthwile extracting.
Term
How can Metals be Extracted from their Ores Chemically?
Definition
By reduction with carbon. This removes the oxgen and only works with metals below carbon in the reactivity series.
Term
How can Metals be Extracted from their Ores if the metal is higher than Carbon in the Reactivity Series?
Definition
By electrolysis. This process is the breaking down of a substance using electricity. This requires a liquid to conduct the electricity called the electrolyte. The electrolyte has free ions which conduct the electricity.
Term
How is Electrolysis used to get Copper?
Definition

Electrons are pulled off copper atoms at the Anode causing them to go into solution as Cu2+ ions.

Cu2+ ions near the Cathode gain electrons and turn back into copper atoms.

The impurities are dropped off at the Anode as sludge, whilst pure copper atoms bond to the Cathode.

Term
Are Copper-rich Ores in good or short supply?
Definition
Short Supply. So it is important to recycle as much copper as possible as the demand for copper is growing. This means there would be shortages in the future.
Term
What is Bioleaching?
Definition
Using bacteria to seperate copper from copper sulfide. The bacteria get energy fromm the bond between copper and sulfur, seperating the copper from the ore. The leachate contains copper which can be extracted through filtering.
Term
What is Phytomining?
Definition
Involves growing plants in soil that contains copper. The plants can't get rid or use the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves. The plants can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace. The copper can be collected from the ash left in the furnace.
Term
Name three properties of metals.
Definition

1. Strong (hard to break)

2. Good heat conductors

3. Good electricity conductors

Term
What is Metal Fatigue?
Definition
When stresses and strains are put repeatedly on metals over time causing metals breaking. This can be very dangerous especially in planes.
Term
What metal is used for Replacement Hips?
Definition
Titanium because it doesn't corrode when in contact with water and it is light and firm.
Term
Why is Pure Iron so bendy?
Definition
Once all impurities have been taken out, the iron has a regular arrangement of regular atoms. These layers can slide over each other making the iron soft and easily shaped.
Term
What metals is Bronze made of?
Definition
Copper + Tin
Term
What metals is Cupronickel of?
Definition
Copper + Nickel
Term
What is Crude Oil?
Definition
A mixture of Hydrocarbons.
Term
How does the Fractionating Column work?
Definition
Heated crude oil is piped in at the bottom. The vaporised oil rises up the column and the various fractions are constantly tapped off at different levels where they condense.
Term
What is the formula for Alkanes?
Definition
CnH2n+2
Term
What is the formula for Alkenes?
Definition
CnH2n
Term
Name the first four Alkanes.
Definition

1. Methane

2. Ethane

3. Propane

4. Butane

Term

Complete the sentence

'The shorter the molecules, the ____ viscous the hydrocarbon is.'

Definition
Less
Term

Complete the sentence

'The shorter the molecules, the ____ volatile the hydrocarbon is.'

Definition
More
Term

Complete the sentence

'The shorter the molecules, the _____ the boiling point of the hydrocarbon is.'

Definition
Lower
Term
Name three advantages of Crude Oil.
Definition

1. They burn cleanly

2. Massive industry

3. More reliable than other power

Term
What is Acid Rain?
Definition
Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide mixes with clouds forming sulfuric acid which then falls as rain.
Term
What are the effects of Acid Rain?
Definition
It causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result. It kills trees and damages limestone buildings and stone statues.
Term
How can you reduce Sulfur Emissions?
Definition

1. Removing it from the fuels before they're burnt (More expensive as it takes more energy).

2. Acid Gas Scrubbers - they take the harmful gases out of the power stations before the fumes are released into the atmosphere.

3. Reduce our usage of fossil fuels.

Term
What is Global Dimming?
Definition
When particles of soot and ash are released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burnt. These particles reflect sunlight back into space and/or produce more clouds - less sunlight is reaching Earth.
Term
What is Ethanol?
Definition
A Biofuel produced from fermentation plant material.
Term
What is Biodiesel?
Definition
A Biofuel produced from vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil and soybean oil.
Term
What is Hydrogen Gas?
Definition
A renewable energy source produced from the electrolysis of water.
Term
Name a Pro of Ethanol.
Definition
The CO2 released when it's burnt is taken in by the plants as they grow so it is Carbon Neutral.
Term
Name a Pro of Biodiesel.
Definition

The CO2 released when it's burnt is taken in by the plants as they grow so it is Carbon Neutral. Also engines don't need to be converted.

 

Term
Name a Pro of Hydrogen Gas.
Definition
Is very clean.
Term
Name a Con of Ethanol.
Definition
Engines need to be converted before they'll work.
Term
Name a Con of Biodiesel.
Definition
Could increase food prices as more land will be used to farm the crops to make biodiesel rather than food crops.
Term
Name a Con of Hydrogen Gas.
Definition
Isn't widely available and is hard to store.
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