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| What do the numbers at the beginning of an alcohol mean? |
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| They indicate where the hydroxide is located |
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- Hydrogen at the end of a molecule contains hydroxide
- written form ends on -ol
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- Carbon is bonded to four other atoms
- written form ends in -ane
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| Contains only carbon and hydrogen |
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| Rules for naming binary molecular compounds |
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1. The most positively charged ion is written first
2. If both elements are in same group, element with highest atomic number is written first
3. Second element ends in -ide
4. Greek prefixes indicate number of atoms UNLESS referring to the first element when only one atom is present
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- acids contain hydrogen
- Acids ending in:
- -ide → change to -ic form. Add prefix hydro- and follow with the word acid
- -ate → change to -ic in acid form follow with the word acid
- -ite → change to -ous in acid form. Follow with the word acid
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1. Names of monatomic anions are formed by replacing the ending of the name of the element with -ide
2. polyatomic anions containing oxygen end in -ate or -ite
- per_________ate-molecule contains an additional O molecule
- _______ate-polyatomic ion
- ________ite-contains 1 fewer O molecule
- hypo_______ite-contains 2 fewer O molecules
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1. if cations are metals, they keep the same name
2. if the metal can form different cations, the charge is indicated by a roman numeral after the name of the metal
3. cations formed by nonmetals end in -ium |
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| The following metals form one cation: |
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- 1A- Na+,K+,Rb+
- 2A- Mg2+,Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+
- 3A- Al3+
- 1B- Ag+
- 2B- Zn2+
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| compounds of metals and non-metals |
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| atoms joined as a molecule, but contain a charge |
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- charged particle
- 2 types:
- cation-positively charged
- anion-negatively charged
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| depicts what the model would look like were the atoms scaled up in size |
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| shows which atoms are connected in a formula |
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| exact representation of types of atoms with amounts broken down into the smallest ratio of whole numbers |
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| exact representation of the amounts and types of elements in a formula |
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| List the diatomic molecules: |
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| One special attribute of noble gases as pure substances |
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| only element found isolated in nature |
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| vertical columns of periodic table |
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| horizontal rows of periodic table |
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combination of masses of isotopes and relative abundances
ex. 12C 98.93% (12 amu)
13C 1.07% (13.00335 amu)
(0.9893)(12 amu) + (0.0107)(13.00335 amu) = 12.01 amu |
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| number of neutrons change |
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| number of protons and neutrons combined in an element |
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| number of protons in an atom |
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- predicts dimension
- 1 A = 10-10m
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| Weight of an atomic mass unit (amu) |
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| Three subatomic particles: |
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proton-positive
neutron-neutral
electron-negative |
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| Three types of radiation: |
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alpha (α)
beta (β)
gamma (γ) |
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| measured charge of electron through oil drop experiments |
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| Major contribution of cathode rays |
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| led to the discovery of the electron |
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| Law of multiple proportions |
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| If two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound, the masses of B that can combine with A are in the ratio of small whole numbers |
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| A theory should explain known facts AND predict new ones |
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Law of conservation of mass
(Law of conservation of matter) |
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| total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present before the reaction |
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| Law of constant composition |
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| in a given compound, the relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant |
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1. each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
2. all atoms of a given element cannot be changed into atoms of a different element; cannot be created or destroyed
3. no two elements are alike; atoms of the same element are uniform
4. compounds are formed by atoms of two or more elements a specific compound contains the same number and kind of atoms |
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| Hydrogen Sulfate (Bisulfate) |
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