Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chemistry 1 Final Review
Final Exam review
77
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
12/08/2011

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is matter?
Definition
Anything with mass that takes of space
Term
What are atoms?
Definition
Building blocks of matter
Term
What are the 3 basic states of matter?
Definition
Solid, Liquid and Gas
Term
What are characteristics of gases?
Definition
  • Disorder
  • Much empty space
  • Complete freedom of motion
  • Particles far apart
Term
What are characteristics of liquids?
Definition
  • Some disorder
  • Particle clusters free to move relative to eachother
  • Particles close together
Term
What are characteristics of solids?
Definition
  • Ordered arrangement
  • Particles essentially in fixed positions
  • Particles close together
Term
What are examples of physical changes to a substance?
Definition
Change of state; solid to liquid
Term
What are examples of chemical changes of a substance?
Definition
Creating a new chemical substance by combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.
Term

What is an intensive property?

Give examples.

Definition
  • Independent of the amount of substance present
  • Color, Density
Term

What is an extensive property?

Give examples.

Definition
  • Dependent on the amount of substance present
  • Mass, volume
Term
What is distillation?
Definition
Use of boiling points to separate a homogenous mixture
Term
What is chromatography?
Definition
Separating a substance on the basis of solubility in water
Term
If matter is unifofrm throughout and can't be separated into other substance by physical processes, but can be decomposed into other substances by chemical processes, it is called a __________.
Definition
Comound
Term
Define accuracy vs. precision
Definition
  • Accuracy: refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value
  • Precision: refers to the proximity of several measurements to eachother
Term
What are the 4 postulates of Daltons atomic theory of matter?
Definition
  • All elements are made of tiny particles called atoms
  • All same type atoms are identical in properties, but different type atoms can be distinguished
  • An atom can't be converted to another type of atom
  • Compounds can be formed
Term
Who discovered the electron?
Definition
J.J. Thompson
Term
What is radioactivity?
Definition
Spontaneous emmision of radiation by an atom
Term
Who discovered the nucleus?
Definition
Rutherford
Term
Who discovered protons?
Definition
Rutherford
Term
Who discovered neutrons?
Definition
Chadwick
Term
What is a combination reaction?
Definition
Combining 2 or more substances to form 1 product
Term
What is a decomposition reaction?
Definition
Breaking apart a comound into 2 or more substances
Term
What is a combustion reaction?
Definition
A rapid reaction that produces a flame, often involving hydrocarbons reacting with oxygen in the air
Term
What is an empirical formula?
Definition
Formula reduced to represent the smallest ration of elements in a compound.
Term
What is Avogadros number?
Definition
6.02*10^23 molecules/mol
Term
What is an electrolyte?
Definition
Substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water
Term
Describe a strong electrolyte vs. a weak electrolyte.
Definition
  • Strong: dissociates completely when dissolved in water
  • Weak: partially dissociates when dissolved in water
Term
What is a non electrolyte?
Definition
Does not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water
Term
What is a main purpose of electrolytes?
Definition
Dissociated ions allow a current to be passed through a solution
Term
What is a solvent?
Definition
What you have the most of in a solution
Term
What is a solute?
Definition
Substance dissolved into the solvent
Term
What is an oxidation reduction reaction?
Definition
Corrosion of a metal when it interacts with some other substance in the environment
Term
What is oxidation?
Definition
Loss of electrons
Term
What is reduction?
Definition
When a substance gains electrons
Term
What is the numonic device to remember what oxidation is and what reduction is?
Definition

OIL RIG

Oxidation Is Loss

Reduction Is Gain

Term

What are rules for determining oxidation numbers?

 

Definition
  • ON of a monatomic ion is the same as its charge
  • Nonmetals usually have - ON's
  • Sum of ON's in a neutral compund is 0
  • Always change during redox reactions
Term
What is the definition of work as it pertains to thermochemistry?
Definition
Energy used to cause an object with mass to move.
Term
What is the definition of heat as it pertains to thermochemistry?
Definition
Energy used to cause an objects temperature to rise
Term
What is the formula for work?
Definition
Work = Force * Distance
Term
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
Definition
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Term
What is an endothermic reaction?
Definition
A reaction that absorbs heat
Term
What is an exothermic reaction?
Definition
Reaction that releases heat
Term
What is electromagnetic radiation?
Definition
The emission of light thats composed of electric and magnetic fields
Term
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
Definition
No 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same energy
Term
What is Hund's rule?
Definition
If you have unpaired electrons in an atom, they will fill all orbitals before pairing up
Term
What are quantum numbers?
Definition
Used to describe the position of which electrons may be found
Term
What is the principle quantum number (n)?
Definition
Describes the energy level on which the orbital resides
Term
What is the angular momentum quantum number (l)?
Definition
Defines the shape of an orbital
Term
What is the magnetic quantum number (ml)?
Definition
Describes the 3D orientation of the orbital
Term
How do you determine possible values for l?
Definition
Can range from 0 to n-1
Term
How do you determine possible values for ml?
Definition
Can range from -l to l
Term
Describe the trend of effective nuclear charge across the periodic table.
Definition
Increases from left to right
Term
What factors determine ionic size?
Definition
Nuclear charge, Number of electrons, and the orbitals in which the electrons reside
Term
Describe the size of cations
Definition
Smaller than their parent atoms
Term
Describe the size of anions
Definition
Larger than their parent atoms
Term
What is ionization energy?
Definition
Amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of an atom
Term
Describe how ionization energy increases on the periodic table.
Definition
Increases as you go up the periodic table and from left to right
Term
What is first ionization energy?
Definition
Amount of energy required to remove the first electron from an atom
Term
Describe the concept of electron configuration of ions.
Definition
Electrons are removed from the highest principle quantum number first.
Term
What is an ionic bond?
Definition
Bond between a metal and a non metal
Term
What is a covalent bond?
Definition
Bond between 2 non metals
Term
What is a polar bond?
Definition
In a covalent bond, electrons are not equally shared
Term
What is a non polar bond?
Definition
In a covalent bond, electrons are equally shared
Term
What is electronegativity?
Definition
Ability of atoms in a molecule to attract electrons to themselves.
Term
What is the trend of electronegativity on the periodic table?
Definition
Increases from left to right and bottom to top
Term
What's the relationship between polarity and electronegativity?
Definition
The greater difference in electronegativity, the more polar the bond is
Term
What is the VSEPR theory?
Definition
Best arrangement of electron domains to minimize repulsions among them.
Term
What are sigma bonds?
Definition
Characterized by head to head overlap, always single bonds
Term
What are characteristics of single bonds?
Definition
Stronger bond with lower energy
Term
What is a pi bond?
Definition
Characterized by side to side overlap, prevent bond rotation
Term
Describe multiple bonds.
Definition
One sigma bond, and the rest are pi bonds, weaker than sigma bond.
Term
What is the internal energy of a system?
Definition
Sum of the potential and kinetic energies of the components
Term
When a system gives off heat and does work on its surroundings, the change in energy is _________ __________.
Definition
Always negative
Term
The energy of a photon light is __________ proportional to its frequency an _________ proportional to its wavelength.
Definition
Directly, Inversely
Term
In regards to the periodic table, how does atomic radius increase?
Definition
Down a group and from left to right across a period.
Term
What does it mean to be isoelectronic?
Definition
Ion that has the same electron configuration
Supporting users have an ad free experience!