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Chemicals of Life
IB Biology Chapter 4
57
Biology
11th Grade
12/07/2011

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Term
The Elements
All elements are ____ substances and made up of ___ atom.
Definition
pure; one/the same
Term
The Elements
Most common elements are: ____,____,____,____.
Definition
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen.
Term
The Elements
examples:
Sulfur is in ___ ___.
Phosphorus is in ___ and ___.
Iron is in ____ transport and ____ transport.
Sodium is in ____ impulses and _____ activities and _____ balance.
Definition
amino acids;
DNA and RNA;
oxygen, electron;
nerve impulses, metabolic activities, osmotic
Term
The Elements
When two or more atoms combine and form a molecule it is called a ______.
Definition
covalent bond
Term
The Elements
If an atom or molecule has a negative charge it is called a _____.
Definition
ion
Term
Water
Water is formed by a ______ bond between an _____ and two _____ atoms.
Definition
covalent;
oxygen;
hydrogen
Term
Water
When there is an unequal sharing of electrons it is called a ____________ bond. This causes a ____________ distribution.
Definition
polar covalent;
unequal charge
Term
Water
When there is a unequal charge distribution hydrogen has a partial _____ charge and water has a partial _____ charge
Definition
positive;
negative
Term
Water
A __________ is when a hydrogen in one polar covalent molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of another polar covalent molecule.
Definition
Hydrogen Bond
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
- it is only an _______ not a real bond
-it does not change _________
-it is ______ then a covalent or ionic bond
Definition
interaction;
chemical properties;
weaker
Term
Bonds
_______ is the binding of two molecules of the same type
_______ is the binding btw different polar molecules
Definition
Cohesion;
Adhesion
Term
The Solvent Properties of Water
mean that it forms a shell around ____ and ____ molecules keeping them in solution.
Definition
charged and polar
Term
Water is referred to as the ______ _____.
Definition
universal solvent
Term
Organic Molecules
Chemistry of all life, or organics, is based on _____.
Definition
Carbon
Term
A covalent bond is represented by a ____ ____.
Definition
Straight Line
Term
_____ are large molecules that result from assembling long chains of repeated subunits called _______.
Definition
Macromolecules;
Monomers
Term
RNA is made up of _______.
Definition
nucleotides
Term
Polypeptides are made up of ______.
Definition
amino acids
Term
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of ______, _______, and ______.
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Term
Carbohydrates have a ratio of _H:_O
Definition
2, 1
Term
Monomers, or subunits, of Carbohydrates are ________.
(ex. ribose, fructose, and glucose)
Definition
monosaccharides
Term
______ is a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules and one water molecule.
Definition
Maltose
Term
_____ is made from one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule.
Definition
Sucrose
Term
_____ is made from one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule
Definition
Lactose
Term
________ are carbohydrates with many monomers.
Definition
Polysaccharides
Term
Examples:
Monosaccharides> ____ and ____
Definition
glucose (energy for animal cells) and fructose ( in plant nectar)
Term
Examples:
Disaccharide> ___ and ____
Definition
lactose (sugar in milk) and sucrose (transports carbohydrates)
Term
Examples:
Polysaccharides> ___ and ____
Definition
glycogen (carb storage in liver) and cellulose (in cell walls)
Term
Condensation and Hydrolysis
Monosaccharides, Amino Acids, and Nucleotides are the subunits of ________, ________, and _______.
Definition
polysaccharides, polypeptides, and nucleic acids
Term
When subunits combine they do so by ______, which yields ____.
Definition
condensation; water
Term
When subunits spilt they do so by _____, and ____ needs to be added.
Definition
hydrolysis; water
Term
Lipids
Lipids are molecules that contain _____, ____, ______, and _____.
Definition
steroids, waxes, fatty acids, and triglycerides
Term
Steroids act as _____.
Definition
hormones (muscle and reproduction)
Term
Waxes act as _____.
Definition
hydrophobic barriers (keep water out)
Term
Fatty acids work as _____.
Definition
structure support in membrane
Term
Triglycerides are both ___ and ___.
Definition
fats and oils
Term
Triglycerides form when 3 ___ ___ combine with one molecule of glycerol.
Definition
fatty acids
Term
When Triglycerides form three water molecules are produced, this is called _____. When they are broken down it is called ________.
Definition
condensation reaction;
hydrolysis
Term
Lipids are for ____ term energy storage and have more _____ then carbohydrates.
Definition
long; energy
Term
Carbohydrates are more _____ then lipids, are more easy to _____, and have strong impact of the osmotic balance.
Definition
soluble;
transport
Term
Amino Acids and Proteins
- can change from ____ to ______ and also ____ to ____.
Definition
polar to non-polar;
positive to negative charge
Term
The bond between two amino acids is called ______ bond.
Definition
peptide
Term
Also bond by ______ and break bonds by _____.
Definition
condensation and hydrolysis
Term
Protein Structure
A chain of amino acids is called a _______.
Definition
polypeptide
Term
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is termed _______ structure.
Definition
primary
Term
A polypeptide has _____ bonds.
Definition
polar covalent
Term
It folds in a way that ______ bonds form between the carboxyl and amino groups.
Definition
hydrogen
Term
This folding forms a pattern within the polypeptide called ______ structures.
Definition
secondary
Term
A _______ structure refers to the overall 3-D shape of a protein caused by the interaction of R-groups with one another and surrounding water medium.
Definition
tertiary
Term
______ can from in a single polypeptide chain or they can form in more then one.
Definition
proteins
Term
examples:
Lysozyme is ____ chain.
Insulin is _____ polypeptides.
Hemoglobin is _____ chains.
Definition
one;
two;
four
Term
_______ structure refers to the way polypeptides fit together when there is one then one chain.
Definition
Quaternary
Term
________ activity of a structure is related to its structure.
Definition
Biological
Term
____ and _____ changes alter structure and biological activity of a structure.
Definition
Temperature and pH levels
Term
When a protein looses its structure it is _________.
Definition
Denatured
Term
Fibrous Proteins are ______, _____ in water and physically _____.
(ex. elastin and collagen [skin and hair])
Definition
long;
insoluble;
tough
Term
Globular Proteins are _____ and ___, and water _______.
(ex. enzyme and proteins [sucrase, insulin, immunoglobulins, Na/K pumps])
Definition
round and compact;
soluable
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