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| Sides of the tongue tastes |
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| Multiple per papillae (bumps) ~5000 total |
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| ~50-150 per taste bud. Varying response profiles even within a single taste bud |
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| A potassium-sparing diuretic, first approved for use in 1967 (then known as MK 870), used in the management of hypertension and congestive heart failure. |
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Specialized Na+ selective Channel.
Non voltage gated
Blocked by amiloride |
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| Stimulus= High external salt concentration such as chicken soup. What happens in the taste receptor pathway? |
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Definition
1) Na+ enters through amiloride channels(inward current).
2) Depolarization Amplified by voltage gated Na+ channels (receptor potential, no action potential)
3) Ca2+ enters through Ca2+ voltage gated channels
4)Synaptic vesicle fusion/ Transmitter release |
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| Sour = acidity = low pH = high concentration of H+ ions. Protons = Tastant |
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| H+ enters Amiloride sensitive Na+ channels which causes depolarization. H+ also blocks K+ channels which furthers depolarization. (most likely more unknown mechanisms as well) |
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| All use G protein coupled GPCR receptor pathways. |
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| Families of Taste receptor Genes |
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| ~30 different T2R receptors, specialized for poisons. |
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| 2 particular T1r receptors (T1R2 and T1R3) |
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| Detects amino acids (savory). Two particular T1R receptors T1R1 & T1R3 |
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| Cranial nerves involved in Taste |
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| VII (facial) IX (glosopharyngeal) and X (Vagus) |
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| Pathway Taste travels from tongue to brain |
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Tongue -> Medula -> Thalmus -> Cortex
Tongue -> gustatory nucleus -> VPM -> Gustatory nucleus |
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| Loss of Taste perception. Could be caused by lesions to Gustatory Thalmus, VPM or Gustatory cortex |
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| Individual receptor cells are |
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Diverse
-Different receptor cells respond differently to the same stimulus.
Broadly tuned
-Receptor cells respond to more than one type of stimulus (eg. both salty and sour) |
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| Complex flavors such as Banana are coded by |
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Definition
| Patterns of activation across the population of receptors |
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Definition
True nuerons, each has its own axon
Regularly replaced every 4-6 weeks
Humans~12 million Olfactory receptors
Cranial Nerve I = Axon of all the olfactory receptor cells. |
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| Odorant Receptor Proteins (ORP) |
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Definition
More than 100 types of Odorant receptor proteins
Each receptor cell typically expresses only one ORP
G protein coupled receptor pathway
Generate action potentials
Diverse broadly Tuned |
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~2000 on each bulb
Specific mapping
Each glomerus receives input from a large region of the olfactory epithelium
receives input only from receptor cells expressing a particular odorant receptor gene |
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