Term
| anatomy of primary olfaciton |
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Definition
| olfactory epithelium is lcoated in the nasal cavity and sends up axxons to the oflactory bulb which are the olfactory nerve |
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Term
| oflactory eiptheiliu mcel ltypes |
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Definition
| primary cells- the mature olfacotry receptor neurones . Basal cells- the s tem cell population replacing ocfacotry ells every 30-60 days. Bowmans glands cells releasign mucous to trap odorants. and olfacotry cilia which sense odorants |
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Term
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Definition
| olfactory enrves get input and send projecitons to oflactory bulb where the y synaspe in the goleruli to mitral and tufted cell dendrites which via glutamergic nuerotransmitter, they then send up rpojecitons to the laterla olfactry tract hwich goes to the olfactory cortex, and they synapse with anterior olfactory nulceus along the way. the anterior olfacotry nucleus sends projections to the the contralteral olfacotry bulb via medial olfactory stria. Anterior commisure projects to other brain regions. COntineus to go via oflactory stria to the periamygadloid , piriform and oribotrontal olacotry area and sends proejctions to hippocampus. NO THALAMIC RELAY |
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Term
| ANTERIOR OLFACTORY NULCEUS CELLS REGENERATED |
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Definition
| regenerated thorughout life by stem cells in teh subventricular area. As ar esult they ware one of hte first susceptible in Alzheimers- lsoss of oflaciton i nalzhemiers due to easier degenration of the neurons stem cels |
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Term
| areas stimulatd by olfaction |
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Definition
| piriform cortex, amygdala, and oribtofrontal cortex |
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Term
| olfactory silia sensory transduction |
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Definition
| much mroe sensivie to odorant and muc hbetter dpeoalrized than teh body |
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Term
| odorant recpetor signal trasnduction |
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Definition
| G protein copueld with CAMP levels leading to higher opening of cation channels |
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Term
| GPCRS show a rapid desensitization to contiuing ongoing stimulus |
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Definition
| propablay to prevent saturation fo machienry so can keep feelign situlus |
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Term
| odorant recpetors are highly conserveda mong specieis but most of htem are noncoding |
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Definition
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Term
| oflactory receptor projections to glomerulus |
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Definition
| allolfacotry receptors of a single type project to a single glomerulis which is only amde up of receptors of that type. ALso several mitral ce ldendirtes innervate a single glomeruleus (5-25) |
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Term
| olfactory epithelium organization |
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Definition
| recpetosr of thesmae type are topgraphically organized in one of four areas in the epithelium, this topographic organiation is then manitaiendi n the olfacotry bulb. |
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Term
| olfacotry neruo nssenesitiyt to different hcemcials |
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Definition
| olfactory neurons have varying sensitivies to various chemciasl ,s ome with bery broad sensitivty ot many chemcials and soe m with very speicfic ones |
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Term
| concentrationdepepndantstimaulton of folcatory neurons |
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Definition
| they have distinct threshodls for particular odors, once passed that threshold , itnerpretation of that odor hcanges. I.e. [indole ] low is floral smell, concenration of indole high is putrid smell |
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Term
| olfactorypattern recognition |
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Definition
| the olfactory cells are stimualted differeitnially by different odors. The different pattern of avriosu strengths etc. leads to unique patten r of glomeruli activation which leads to ihgher brain areas |
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Term
| different aress of the cortex represent different odors |
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Definition
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Term
| clnical assmenet of oflacotyr fucntion |
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Definition
| via scratch n sniff test. give them bunch of odros to smell an dseeh ow many tehy get right |
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Term
| as you get odlery oru oflacotryf ujcntion declines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nasal/sinus disease, smokign toxic expsure genetic, occlusion , head trauma |
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Term
| second dary anosmia causes |
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Definition
| endocrine, neurological and cancer therapies |
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Term
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Definition
| anosmia due to defective devleopmet n fo olfactory bulbs and tracts, due to hypogonodal hypogonoadism (hypothalamic defect), onset usuall yat puberty |
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Term
| etiology of kalmman syndrome |
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Definition
| gboth the precuros of olfactory ulband hypothalamus originate i the olfacotry palcode and fail to migrateo ut to their respective sites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| caused by ddamge to olfactory epithelium, olfactory tract or olfacotyr bulb |
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Term
| effect of destructin of olfactory cortex or pathways posterior to the trigone (where the tract divdies) |
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Definition
| needs to be bilateral in order to effect olfactory function |
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Term
| conductive olfactoyr lossees |
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Definition
| obstruciotn in teh pathway physcia lobsrcution to naasal aiflow |
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Term
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Definition
| direct contact of water soluble thigns with tongue papilae Olfaction is muc hmroe snesitive |
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Term
| fvie primary taste quealities |
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Definition
| sweet, salty, umami, bitter ,sour |
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Term
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Definition
| peopel liek the taste o TAG but not ree atty acids (aversive taste) |
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Term
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Definition
| organized into taste buds which are embeded into lingual papillae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| foudn on the edges, each tastebud has differnet taste sensation |
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Term
| taste cells are embedded into a trench of the paippilae |
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Definition
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Term
| taste cells open into epithelial ssurface via taste pore |
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Definition
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Term
| cortex regions of the taste pathway |
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Definition
| insula, operculum adn down to a mygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| electriacally excitable AP generating but NONneuronall |
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Term
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Definition
| mediated y sodiu mchannels |
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Term
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Definition
| passage of sodium OR blockage of potassium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| concentration of taste cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people have differential genetic encodign of taste, meaning that they we have differnet taste perception and preferences |
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Term
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Definition
| we al lhave speicfic taste receptor ssfor specific tastes. They all travel up in seperate pathways , preserving the fundamental qulaity of the ataste stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Each taste receptor repsondds differnetialy to aprticualr taste leadign to blending which gives us our specific taste. so tatse perception si syntehtic sense, careated by these receptors |
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Term
| labelled line codign evdience |
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Definition
| disticnt cortical areas for each taste. suggest they stay distinc t hroughotu the system |
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Term
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Definition
| the taste for seweet is sytnehsized from the interaciton of forty plus taste celsl ,with the lwoer threshold for taste beign selectively activated yb that particualr taste cell |
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Term
| Taste celsl adapt the logner somethign remians in mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| for people who complain about gustatory lsot , the sense ofthe five tastes is priamrily intact |
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Definition
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Term
| trigeminal chemoreception |
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Definition
| activated by chemcial irritant son the face transmtited yb nociceptive f ibers, cause autonomic resposnes such as weating salviation bronchoscornstriociton to trya nd dilute irritant |
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Term
| trigemianl chemosensory apthway |
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Definition
| ipsilateral , coems down via the trigeminal ganglion, and then syanpses to spinal nucleus of treimgnal, crosses contralatterally to be part of trigenmnothalamic pathway, syanspes at vpm |
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Term
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Definition
| bidnst o vr1 channel to mediate our sense of heat. |
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Term
| many irritants can be perceived as ordor otr taste |
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Definition
| for anosmics that persception ability ism uch ihgiehr and the taste perceptio naprt of it is lsot |
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