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| A natural product that contains hydroxyl groups. Had antioxidant activity. |
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| Flavenoids fall under this category |
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| When Phenolics are oxidized they become this |
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| A Phelic structure with more than 12 rings |
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| binds to everything especially in the presence of oxygen, oxidizes into quinones |
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| Pathway through which most phenolics are created |
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| A Natural product made of isoprene units (C5) |
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| a king of terpene with a hydroxyl group at position 3 and a cholestane skeleton, has a specific four ring structure |
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| The Pathway through which terpenes are made |
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| Comes from the foxglove plant, is a cardiac glycoside, used to improve heart tone |
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| an insect molting hormone that is a terpene |
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| cyanogenic glycosides are under this category of natural product |
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| an inactive form of cyanide- attached to a sugar to prevent auto-toxicity |
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| mustard oil defenses of family brassicasea |
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| a type of natural produce wherein there is a heterocyclic nitrogen atom, often used as medicine |
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| a type of natural product that disrupts protien synthesis or DNA transcription |
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| targets and destroys red blood cells |
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| necrosis in cells the encounter |
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| an excreted factor that triggers a social response or effect on another individual in the same species. Chemical capable of acting outside the body |
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| a pheromone releases when an animal is attacked that causes other conspecifics to display escape behaviors |
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| causes short term changes in conspecific liek the release of neurotransmitters |
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| ike an attractant molecule to get mates to come closer |
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| in social insects, example: ants use it to help conspecific find foor |
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| triggers developmental changes in conspecifics |
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| a pheromone laid down in the environment to mark terriory |
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| used by female insects to indicate where her eggs have been laid |
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| pheromone indicating availability of the female for breeding or males emiting signals about species and genotype |
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| Why is olfaction important? |
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| Olfaction may serve a purpose in mate selection in sexual reproduction |
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| olfactory neurons directly connect here, center for aggression fear and mating responses |
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| A substance secreted by an animal that causes a specific reaction in another animal |
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| bilateral tubular structure on the anterior nasal septim that projects to the olfactory bulb |
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| Cranial nerve 0, conserved across all vertebrates degrades fetally in humans |
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major histocompatibility complex
• Set of proteins expressed on the cellular surfaces that uniquely specifies individual and aids in recognition of non-self immune responses |
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| Combination are more diverse than what would be expected from chance alone- implying that there is a mechanism for selecting a mate with differing MHC |
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• Human apocrine glands make pheromones
o Modified sweat glands
o In areas that produce hair during puberty
o Function is odor secretion
o Commensal bacteria volatilize precursor molecules from the glands, hair aids the bacteria as a living space |
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| non functional and • signal transduction genes are psuedogenes |
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| Plants must not be as defenseless as they seem otherwise herbivores would have eaten them all |
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| plant defense that is always present |
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| responses due to changes in gene transcription |
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when herbivory is beneficial to plants because
o Better nutrient allocation
o Demand for sugars is reduced
o Older leaves are removed to allow younger leaves to grow |
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| plant defense that is always present |
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| responses due to changes in gene transcription |
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when herbivory is beneficial to plants because
o Better nutrient allocation
o Demand for sugars is reduced
o Older leaves are removed to allow younger leaves to grow |
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| Methods Pathogens use to attack plants |
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Definition
o Cell wall degrading enzymes
o Toxins that damage plants can be non-host specific or host specific
o Effector proteins: secreted near/ on plant suppress host defense processes like internal signaling mechanisms and production of phytochemicals |
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| Gene-for-gene interaction |
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immune response from plants:
• Plants have resistance (R ) genes, pathogen genes that encode for elicitors are AVr genes
o Host/pathogen have matching R + Avr- plants will resist pathogen
o If Avr and R do not match, no reistsance by plant |
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• Slowed growth
• Slowed primary processes
• Induced defenses don’t produce product when its not needed, save resources |
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| Benefit of induced defenses |
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Definition
o Phenotypically plastic plant- reduces chance that attacker adapts to defenses
o Dosage dependent effect- more dose, more damage
• Plant is better off making a lot of defense material when it is needed that a medium level all the time
o N. tabacum plants that produce a continually high level of nicotine flower later=biosynthetic cost
o Plants that produce N-containing compounds, less nitrogen available to produce rubisco which is necessary for photosynthesis |
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| cost of inducible defense |
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Definition
JA use results in plants with less fruit, longer ripening time and fewer seeds per plant
o Doesn’t attract seed dispersers as well
o Reduced fitness |
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| Physical defenses in plants |
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seal off infected part and burn with oxidation
o Prevents spread of infection by microbial pathogens
o Commonly preceeds systemic acquired resistance |
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| plant antibiotics, kill microbe AND infected plant cell |
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| chitinase breaks fungal cell walls and insect exoskeleton |
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triggers systemic response to pathogens
o Spreads throughout plant
o Aspirin in fertilizer will immunize plant |
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| naked seed, evergreen plants |
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| flowering plants evolved around the time of pollinating insects |
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o C. Glomerata
o Larvae develop in caterpillar
o Pupae in silken cocoons
o Adults emerge and lay eggs in caterpillar
o Plant being eaten by caterpillar will release signal to attract adult |
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| Food factors from plants and animals may be participating in human health promotion |
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| products produced from foods but sold in tablet, capsule etc |
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| Health benefits of nutraceuticals and functional foods |
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a. Treatment of cancer, CVD, aging, diabetes etc
b. Effects of functional foods are due to cocktail of phytochemicals and bioctives present |
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| Anti-carcinogenic effects of functional foods are rendered through |
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Definition
i. Antioxidant effect
ii. Effect on cell differentiation
iii. Increase activity of enzymes against carcinogens
iv. Change of estrogen metabolism
v. Effect on DNA methylation
vi. Maintenance of DNA repair
vii. Increase apoptosis of cancer cells
viii. Decrease of cell proliferation |
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may remove desired components
i. White bread has less antioxidants than wheat bread |
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may remove desired components
i. White bread has less antioxidants than wheat bread |
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| Oxidation of cholesterols leads to plaque in the arteries |
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| Health Benefits of Marine Oils |
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| Thinning of the blood, lowering triglycerides and lowing cholesterol levels and clot formation incidence |
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| Humans are not carnivores or herbivores! |
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o Olfaction
o Touch- look for ripe fruit
o Taste/gustation: 4 kinds of taste buds
o Sweet, bitter, salty, sour, umami |
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o Texture, pain
o Controlled by cranial nerve 5
o Metallic taste keeps you from eating minerals
o TTX- pain |
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• Gut bacteria transform and break down toxins
• Fermentation of alcohol and dairy products- this is more of a behavioral adaptation with humans |
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• Eliminate toxins
• Animals that cannot vomit have geophagy- mice eat clay
• Cat and dogs eat grass to force themselves to vomit
• Vagus nerve |
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• In saliva
• Bind to phenolics
• Adding creamer to coffee |
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| adults dont like to try new food |
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| getting sick of a food, don’t want hamburgers everyday because you need variation in the diet |
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other ways of preparing food, like cooking and drying
• Fire kills parasites and toxins |
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| non water soluble toxins - goes to the liver and kidney before the heart so you don’t die |
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| MeSA, oil of wintergreen, tells plants they’re about to be attacked |
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| aire born cues tell plants they're about to be attacked |
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| Volatile Organic Compounds |
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Definition
| release of these after herbivory attracts parasitiods and predators to actively feeding larvae |
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• VOC- release of volatile organic compounds after herbivory attracts parasitiods and predators to actively feeding larvae
• In natural systems herbivore mortality is more commonly mediated by a suite of generalist enemies
• Kessler et al. evaluated the role of herbivore-induced VOCs in nature
o VOC release from nicotiana attenuate growing in native population
o Manduca quemaculata
o D. minumus
o E. hirtipenis
• Open flow trapping design to collect VOCs from plants
• All attacked plants released more bergamontene
• MeSA released in headspace of all plants
• May function as a sign of herbivore damage in all plants
• Mimicked volatile release: 200 micrograms of MeJA, MeSA or others in a lanolin paste onto stems of plants in natural environment’s
o Resultant emissions were the same between herbivore infested or MeJA treated plant
Release of VOC affects both predation and ovipositon rates |
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