Term
| agent that causes or induces neoplasia |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical carcinogens that require metabolism for carcinogenic effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chemical that causes all stages of cancer |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Proliferation of initiated cell released from normal control |
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Definition
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Term
| Neoplasm becomes malignant |
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Definition
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Term
| example of a PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbon) |
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Definition
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Term
| are generated by combustion--found in: diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, coal tar and products of burning organic material |
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Definition
| Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) |
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Term
| metabolized into an electrophile that forms a covalent adduct with DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| The BAP adduct causes a mutation (normally C binds G; mutated: A binds G) |
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Definition
| a base pair "transversion" |
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Term
| Naturally-occurring product; mycotoxin produced by a mold; grows on corn, peanuts, grains |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| enzyme involved in aflatoxin B1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Radicals can react with DNA bases |
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Definition
| results in base mis-pairing and mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| and mis-repair can cause mutation |
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Term
| causes chronic inflammation; half life is more than 10 years in the lung; some contain iron |
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Definition
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Term
| reactive metals cause chemical reactions that generate hydroxyl radical |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemicals that intercalate into DNA force strands apart |
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Definition
| causes errors in template function of DNA- shift in reading frame |
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Term
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Definition
| ethidium bromide; acridine orange (chemical dyes); doxorubicin (antineoplastic) |
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Term
| can cause over-expression |
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Definition
| demethylation of oncogenes |
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Term
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Definition
| methylation of tumor suppressor genes |
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Term
| decrease anti-tumor activity of the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
| Known human carcinogens. Sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Probable human carcinogens. Sufficient evidence in animal studies, but limited evidence in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Possible human carcinogens. Limited or insufficient evidence in humans. Some evidence in animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Probably not carcinogens. Inadequate evidence in either animals or humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Covalent binding, Oxidative stress, Intercalation |
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Definition
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Term
| naturally occurring product; mycotocin produced by mold; control storage conditions to reduce poisoning |
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Definition
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Term
| Irreversible once cell has proliferated; no safe threshold of exposure |
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Definition
| characteristic of initiation |
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Term
| success of initiation is influenced by: |
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Definition
| DNA repair; cell survival/death; site within DNA where mutation occurs |
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Term
| examples include hormones and AhR ligands |
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Definition
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Term
| neoplasm becomes malignant; not well understood |
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Definition
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Term
| states that some chemicals act at different stages of the carcinogenesis process and if you are not exposed to more than one of them, cancer won't result |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanism of initiation: covalent binding |
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Definition
| benzo-a-pyrene; aflatoxin |
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Term
| mechanism of initiation: oxidative damage/stress |
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Definition
| hydroxyl radical; iron/copper; asbestos |
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Term
| mechanism of initiation: intercalation |
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Definition
| ethidum bromide (useful for looking at DNA); doxorubicin (treats cancer but can also cause cancer) |
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Term
| are mutated in about 80% of human cancers |
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Definition
| Ras oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| estrogens/xenoestrogens; AhR ligands |
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Term
| binds to receptors instead of DNA; stimulate cell proliferation in estrogen-sensitive tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| don't bind directly with DNA; they interact with Ah receptor and stimulate receptor to go to the nuclear and change gene expression (Cause cell to grow, proliferate, or not die) |
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Definition
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Term
| No safe threshold of exposure |
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Definition
| characteristic of initiation |
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Term
| there is a threshold dose for chemicals; it is reversible |
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Definition
| characteristics of promotion |
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Term
| exposure to promoter must occur |
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Definition
| after promotion to cause cancer |
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