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The primary difference between basic and applied research is that:
basic research aims at answering fundamental questions about the essence of nature, whereas applied research usually aims at providing products and processes that are more immediately useful to society.
basic research is focused upon small submicroscopic particles, such as the atom and its nucleus, whereas applied research is focused upon the macroscopic, where observations can be made with the naked eye.
basic research involves the chemical, physical, and biological sciences, whereas applied research is done in fields such as psychology, sociology, and statistics.
basic research is focused on living organisms and includes disciplines such as medicine, biology, and biochemistry, whereas applied research is focused on the inorganic, or nonliving, and includes subdisciplines such as physics, chemistry, and mathematics. |
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| basic research aims at answering fundamental questions about the essence of nature, whereas applied research usually aims at providing products and processes that are more immediately useful to society. |
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It is incorrect to say that one has proven a hypothesis because:
Hypotheses are guesses and, as such, are generally speculative and disreputable.
Hypotheses are based on scientific evidence that can never be reproduced in the same way by different scientists.
Hypotheses are subjective and not based on facts; therefore, they cannot ever be proven true or false.
Hypotheses can be refuted or supported, but no amount of evidence can irrevocably "prove" a hypothesis. |
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| Hypotheses can be refuted or supported, but no amount of evidence can irrevocably "prove" a hypothesis. |
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Based on your introduction to scientific inquiry, which of the following would occur early in this process?
reflection on results
performing experimentation
documenting expectations
formal communication of findings |
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Which of the following are not examples of conversion factors that could be used in a unit-conversion calculation?
1 liter = 1.057 quarts
1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches
1 second = 1/60 minutes
1 kilogram = 34.4 milliliters |
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| 1 kilogram = 34.4 milliliters |
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According to the Metric Prefixes Table in Chapter 1, the exponential forms of the metric prefixes giga- and micro- are 109 and 10-6, respectively. How many micrograms would there be in one gigagram?
100,000
1,000,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1000 |
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A banana's mass is found to be 350 g by astronauts camping on the Moon. Under the same conditions, they measure the banana's weight to be 220 g on the surface of the Moon, and eight times that much on Jupiter. What would the banana's approximate mass be on Earth?
350 g
1760 g
440 g
220 g |
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Which of the following is not a unit for the expression of volume?
meters squared
fluid ounces
nanoliters
centimeters cubed |
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Which of the following linear measures is the smallest?
10.0 mm
0.3937 in
1.00 cm
all of the above |
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When a suggested explanation for an observation has been experimentally tested and has repeatedly been supported and not contradicted it is referred to as a:
hypothesis.
theory.
law.
principle.
either law or principle |
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Some politicians take pride in maintaining a particular point of view. They think that a change of mind would be seen as a sign of weakness. How is a change of mind viewed differently in science?
- Science deals with facts that are confirmed by experiments. A "change of mind" in science, therefore, is usually the result of new experimental evidence obtained from experiments.
- A change in mind is not viewed differently in science and is still subject to much criticism.
- A scientist tries to understand many different points of view and so is apt to change his or her mind frequently.
- A scientist who changes his or her mind is often perceived as less honest, while a politician who changes his or her mind is often perceived as less trustworthy.
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| Science deals with facts that are confirmed by experiments. A "change of mind" in science, therefore, is usually the result of new experimental evidence obtained from experiments. |
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Distinguish between a scientific hypothesis and a theory.
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| A scientific hypothesis is a testable assumption, while a theory is a well-verified idea used to explain a broad range of phenomena. |
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Professors McClintock and Baker worked together on scientific research projects involving marine organisms of the Antarctic seas, yet they have different scientific backgrounds---McClintock in biology and Baker in chemistry. Is this unusual?
- This is not unusual because there is much overlap between the sciences.
- This is not unusual because international treaties hold that all nations have rights to perform scientific research in Antarctica
- Their collaboration would be unusual only if they also included a physicist in their research team.
- This is not unusual because McClintock and Baker come from the same university.
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| This is not unusual because there is much overlap between the sciences. |
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In answer to the question, "When a plant grows, where does the material come from?" the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle hypothesized by logic that all material came from the soil. Which of the following experimental tests might best prove Aristotle's hypothesis to be correct or incorrect?
- Grow the tree in a pot and measure the mass of the soil before and after the tree grows to a certain height.
- Stop watering the plant to see if the mass of the water contributes to the long term growth of the tree
- Cover the tree with a black bag.
- Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers of all time, thus no test to any of his hypotheses is necessary.
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| Grow the tree in a pot and measure the mass of the soil before and after the tree grows to a certain height. |
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What physical quantities discussed in this chapter change most when a junked car is neatly crushed into a compact cube?
- The car's weight and volume change, but not its mass.
- The car's temperature changes, but not its average density.
- The volume of the car changes as well as its average density.
- The mass of the car changes as well as its volume.
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| The volume of the car changes as well as its average density. |
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| Can an object have mass without having weight? Can it have weight without having mass? |
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| The lowest possible temperature, which is the temperature at which the atoms of a substance have no kinetic energy: 0 K = –273.15°C = –459.7°F. |
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| A substance that donates hydrogen ions, or, by the Lewis definition, accepts a pair of electrons. |
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| The minimum energy required in order for a chemical reaction to proceed. |
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| A polymer formed by the joining together of monomer units with no atoms being lost as the polymer forms. |
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| An attractive force between molecules of two different substances. |
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| Bacteria able to decompose organic matter only in the presence of oxygen. |
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| A moisture-coated microscopic airborne particle up to 0.01 millimeter in diameter that is a site for many atmospheric chemical reactions. |
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| A medieval field of study concerned primarily with finding potions that would produce gold or confer immortality. |
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| An organic molecule containing a carbonyl group whose carbon is bonded either to one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom or to two hydrogen atoms. |
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| A mixture of two or more metallic elements. |
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| Extremely small fundamental unit of matter. |
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| An abbreviation for an element or atom. |
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| A gas law that describes the direct relationship between the volume of a gas and the number of gas particles it contains at constant pressure and temperature. The greater the number of particles, the greater the volume. |
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| The number of items—6.02 X 1023—contained in 1 mole of anything. |
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| A substance that accepts hydrogen ions, or, by the Lewis definition, donates a pair of electrons. |
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| Evaporation in which bubbles form beneath the liquid surface. |
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| A gas law that describes the indirect relationship between the pressure of a gas sample and its volume at constant temperature. The smaller the volume, the greater the pressure. |
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| A solution that resists large changes in pH, made from either a weak acid and one of its salts or a weak base and one of its salts. |
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| A gas law that describes the direct relationship between the volume of a gas sample and its temperature at constant pressure. The greater the temperature, the greater the volume. |
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| The study of matter and the transformations it can undergo. |
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| A material in which atoms of different elements are bonded to one another. |
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| The transformation of a gas to a liquid. |
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| A chemical bond in which atoms are held together by their mutual attraction for two or more electrons they share. |
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| The minimum mass of fissionable material needed for a sustainable chain reaction |
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| The amount of mass contained in a sample divided by the volume of the sample. |
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| An extremely small, negatively charged subatomic particle found outside the atomic nucleus. |
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| A material consisting of only one type of atom. |
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| Describes a chemical reaction in which there is a net absorption of energy. |
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| Describes a chemical reaction in which there is a net release of energy. |
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| The sum of the atomic masses of the elements in a chemical formula. |
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| A vertical column in the periodic table, also known as a family of elements. |
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| The time required for half the atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay. |
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| Water containing large amounts of calcium and magnesium ions. |
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| A gas law that summarizes the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of particles of a gas within a single equation, often expressed as PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of molecules, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. |
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| The state of a material that is a mixture of more than one element or compound. |
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| Not capable of dissolving to any appreciable extent in a given solvent. |
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| A chemical bond in which there is an electric force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions. |
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| Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction—atoms are merely rearranged, without any apparent loss or gain of mass, to form new molecules. |
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| The quantitative measure of how much matter an object contains. |
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| The fundamental unit of a chemical compound, which is a group of atoms held tightly together by covalent bonds. |
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| An area of applied science in which we engineer materials by manipulating individual atoms or molecules. |
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| A change in which a substance changes its physical properties without changing its chemical identity. |
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| The state of a material that consists solely of a single element or compound. |
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| A testable explanation for an observable phenomenon. |
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| A homogeneous mixture in which all components are dissolved in the same phase. |
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| A homogeneous mixture in which the various components are finely mixed but not dissolved. |
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| A measure of how warm or cold an object is relative to some standard. Also, a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance, measured in degrees Celsius, degrees Fahrenheit, or kelvins. |
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| The amount of space an object occupies. |
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| The gravitational force exerted on an object by the nearest most massive body, such as Earth. |
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Observation
Questions
Scientific Hypothesis
Predictions
Tests |
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| tests hypothesis, collects data, analyze results |
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American
inches, pounds, quarts, calories, farenheit |
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| International/Metric Unit System |
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| T G M k h da - d c m mo n p |
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Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
Deka
Deci
Centi
Mili
Micro
Nano
Pico |
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1. element consists of indivisible particles (atoms)
2. can't be created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
3. all atoms of element identical
4. different elements hone different masses |
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Temperature is how hot/cold something is in relation to standard (independent of volume)
Heat tells us how much energy is in a substance (dependent of volume) |
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reactive w/oxygen
form one bond w/another atom
never mix w/ water (explosive) |
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more stable than group 1
form 2 bonds w/another atom |
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form one bond w/another atom
greek for "salt forming"
combined w/aluminum is flammable |
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Group 18
non-reactive
don't bond w/other elements |
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not easy to categorize
similar to inner transition metals |
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water=100 degrees C
ethanol=78 degrees C |
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made of different compounds
seen as separate individual substances
Ex: salad dressing, sand |
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identical composition throughout
Ex: lemonade or koolaid
may be solution or suspension |
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