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| a systematic approach for research |
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| numbers obtained by various measurements of the system |
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| general observations about the system |
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| tentative explanation for a set of observations |
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| concise verbal/mathematical statement that's always the same under the same conditions |
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| principle that explains a body of facts |
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| anything occupying space and has mass |
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| science that studies the properties of substances and how substances react with one another. |
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| a form of matter that has a definite or constant composition |
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| a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their identities |
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| the composition of the mixture is the same throughout the solution |
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| the individual components of such a mixture remain physically separate and can be seen as separate components. |
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| a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means |
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| a substance composed of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. |
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| any property of a substance that can be observed without transforming the substance into some other substance. (ex. color, shape, mass) |
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| any property of a substance that cannot be studied without converting the substance into some other substance. (ex. reactivity with water) |
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| a property that does not depend on how much matter is being considered (boiling pt) |
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| a property that depends on how much matter is being considered (mass) |
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| properties that can be measured directly |
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| properties that must be measured indirectly with the aid of a microscope or other special instrument |
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| a measure of the quantity of matter contained in an object. |
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| the force that gravity exerts on an object |
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| the mass of a substance divided by its volume |
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| the closeness of a measurement to the true value of the quantity that is being measured. |
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| the closeness of agreement of two or more measurements of the same quantity |
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| a series of simple reactions that represent the overall progress of a reaction at the molecular level |
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| the sequence of elementary steps that leads to product formation |
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| base unit for length, mass, time, temperature |
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| meter, kilogram, second, kelvin |
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| mass of an atom in atomic mass unit |
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| Alkali metals form only what? |
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| Alkali earth metals form only what? |
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| an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by special forces |
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| molecule containing two different elements |
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| a molecule that consists of two elements |
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| a molecule consists of more than two atoms |
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| an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge |
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| an ion with a net positive charge |
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| an ion with a net negative charge |
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| any neutral compound containing cations and anions |
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| an ion that contains only one atom |
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| an ion that contains more than one atom |
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| a horizontal row of the periodic table |
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| elements in a vertical column of the periodic table |
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| the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers |
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| what is the mass of a proton,an electron, and a neutron? |
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proton: 1.67262 X 10^-24
neutron: 1.67493 X 10^-24
electron: 9.10939 X 10^-28 |
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| properties of alpha, beta, and gamma rays |
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Definition
alpha:positive
beta:negative
gamma:electromagnetic radiation of high energy |
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| laws explained by Daltin's atomic theory |
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Definition
Law of Definite Proportions: Different samples of the same compound always contains its constituent elements in the same proportion by mass.
• Law of Multiple Proportions: If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers. |
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| hypothesis of Daltin's atomic theory |
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Definition
Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of
one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
• Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is either an
integer or a simple fraction.
• Chemical reactions only involve the rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical
reactions |
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| the amount of product actually obtained in a reaction |
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| the amount of product predicted by the balanced equation when all of the limiting reagent has reacted. |
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| the reactant used up first in a reaction |
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| a reactant present in a quantity greater than necessary to react with the amount of the limiting reagent present. |
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| an equation that uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction |
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| the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, etc) as there are in exactly 12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope. |
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| the mass of 1 mole of atoms, molecules, or other particles |
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| 6.022 X 10^23; the number of particles in a mole |
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| the mass of an atom in atomic mass units |
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| average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes |
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