Term
| what does immunohematology (blood bank) do |
|
Definition
| uses serological methods to determine blood groups and unexpected antibodies in the persons recieving or donating blood |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the immune system |
|
Definition
| recognize "self" and "non-self" and to defend the body against non-self substances |
|
|
Term
| what are the desirable consequences of immunity |
|
Definition
| natural resistance to, recovery from, and acquired resistance to infectious diseases. |
|
|
Term
| what are the undesirable consequences of immunity |
|
Definition
| allergies, rejection of transplanted tissues or organs, and development of an autoimmune disorder |
|
|
Term
| what is an autoimmune disorder |
|
Definition
| a condition in which the body attacks itself as a foriegn substance |
|
|
Term
| is the ability of the body to respond immunologically to a disease age- related |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some factors that influence the body's defenses |
|
Definition
| genetic predisposition to many disorders, nutritional status, and an individuals method of coping with stress |
|
|
Term
| what is the first line of defense |
|
Definition
| unbroken skin or mucosal membrane surfaces |
|
|
Term
| what is normal biota (flora) |
|
Definition
| bacteria that are normally found in certain parts of the body |
|
|
Term
| what does normal biota (flora) do |
|
Definition
| these microorganisms deter penetration or facilitate elmination of foreign microorganisms from the body |
|
|
Term
| what is natural immunity characterized as |
|
Definition
- a nonspecific mechanism
- second line of defense |
|
|
Term
| what cells are included in natural immunity |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, tissue basophils, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| how do phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the major humoral component of natural immunity |
|
|
Term
| what are the natural antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a family of proteins produced rapidly by many cells in response to viral infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks the replication of viruses and cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the 3rd line of defense |
|
Definition
| acquired (adaptive) immunity |
|
|
Term
| how does acquired (adaptive) immunity work |
|
Definition
| allows the body to recognize, respond, and remember specific stimuli (antigen) |
|
|
Term
| how can acquired immunity be formed |
|
Definition
- natural exposure in response to an infection
-intentional vaccination from antigen- bearing microorganism |
|
|
Term
| what should acquired immunity stimulate |
|
Definition
| the production of antibodies in a person with the disease |
|
|
Term
| what does acquired immunity consist of |
|
Definition
- cellular components
- humoral components |
|
|
Term
| what are the cellular components of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the humoral components of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should an immunocompetent host be able to do |
|
Definition
| recognize foreign antigen, and build specific antigen- directed antibodies, retaining permenant antigenic memory |
|
|
Term
| why do to the actions of adapted response take place |
|
Definition
| because of interaction of antibody with complement and phagocytic cells of natural immunity and of T lymphocytes with macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of humoral mediated immunity |
|
Definition
| to act as primary defense against bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| what may vaccines be composed of |
|
Definition
- living suspensions of weak or attenuated cells or viruses
- killed cells or viruses
- extracted bacterial products, such as altered formerly poisonous toxoids used to immunize against diptheriae or tetanus |
|
|
Term
| what does immediate sensitivity reactions involve |
|
Definition
| the reactions of IgE with tissue basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most dramatic and devastating manifestation of immediate hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| what is cell mediated immunity responsible for |
|
Definition
| contact sensitivity, immunity to viral or fungal antigens, immunity to intracellular organisms, rejection of foreign tissue grafts, elimination of tumor cells bearing neoantigens, formation of chronic granulomas with nondegradable material sequestered in a focus of cocentric macrophages that also contain some lympocytes and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| what is immunosuppression |
|
Definition
| the suppression of a normal adaptive immune response through the use of chemotherapeutic drugs or other means |
|
|
Term
| when might immunosuppression be necessary |
|
Definition
| autoimmune disorders or bone marrow transplants |
|
|
Term
| how is cell mediated immunity moderated |
|
Definition
| the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the entire leukoctye system designed to do |
|
Definition
| defend the body against disease |
|
|
Term
| how can leukocytes be functionally divided |
|
Definition
- granulocytes
- monocytes- macrophages
- lymphocytes- plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary phagocytic cells |
|
Definition
- granulocytic polymorphonuclear neutrophil leuckocytes (PMNs)
- cells of the mononuclear- macrophage system |
|
|
Term
| what else do macrophages participate in |
|
Definition
| antigen presentation and induction of the immune response, as well as secretion of biologically active molecules. |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of phagocytosis |
|
Definition
1) chemotaxis
2) adherence
3) engulfment
4) phagosome formation and fusion
5) digestion and destruction |
|
|
Term
| what do chemoattractants do |
|
Definition
| guide cells to the source |
|
|
Term
| what are myeloperoxidase granules responsible for |
|
Definition
| generation of hydrogen peroxide, which is a major factor of killing the bacteria with the phagosome vacuole |
|
|
Term
| what are the corner stones of the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lymphocytes participate in body defense primarily |
|
Definition
| the recoginition of foreign antigens and production of antibodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of T lymphocytes that we contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of B lymphocytes that we contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can T lymphocytes survive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can B lymphocytes survive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of plasma cells |
|
Definition
| the synthesis and excretion of immunoglobulins (antibodies) |
|
|
Term
| where do T lymphocytes come from |
|
Definition
| arise in the thymus from fetal liver or bone marrow precursors that seed the thymus during embroyonic development |
|
|
Term
| in what cell mediated immune responses to T- lymphocytes function |
|
Definition
| delayed hypersensitivity, graft-versus-host rejections, and allograft rejections |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the different T cell subpopulations |
|
Definition
| growth promotion, differentiation, chemotaxis, and cell stimulation |
|
|
Term
| where are B lymphocytes derived from |
|
Definition
| hematopoiectic stem cells by a complex series of differentiation events that occur in the fetal liver, and in adult life, in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| what are B lymphocytes primary function |
|
Definition
| antibody production or the formation of immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| what is the end product of B lymphocyte differentiation |
|
Definition
| the generation of mature, end- stage, non-motile cells, the plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| what type of B lymphocytes can live for years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that stimulates antibody formation and has the ability to bind to an antibody |
|
|
Term
| what are the major cellular antigens of importance to immunology |
|
Definition
- major histocompatibility compex (MHC)
- tissue antigens (human leukocyte antigens- HLA)
- autoantigens
-blood group antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that are produced in response to foreign antigens and react with foreign antigens in some observable way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/ False: antibodies are usually specific for the antigens in which they are formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do antibodies that are formed in response to a specific antigen usually do |
|
Definition
| protect the individual from re-infection by that specific organism |
|
|
Term
| what is a good way to identify an infecting organism |
|
Definition
| identify the antibody produced in response to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonantigenic, nonprotein substance |
|
|
Term
| how are antigenic hapten complexes formed |
|
Definition
| hapten may bind themselves to protein |
|
|
Term
| what is antigenicity influenced by |
|
Definition
| molecular size, foreignness, shape of the molecule, chemical composition, and route of entry |
|
|
Term
| which routes of entry are stronger stimuli |
|
Definition
| intravenous and intraperitoneal routes |
|
|
Term
| which routes of entry are weaker stimuli |
|
Definition
| subcutaenous and intramuscular routes |
|
|
Term
| how do antibodies occur in humans naturally |
|
Definition
- exposure throughout life to bacteria and plant material thorugh inhalation or ingestion
- |
|
|
Term
| what else can stimulate the production of antibodies |
|
Definition
- natural infection
- artifically stimulated by injection of antigens in vaccine form |
|
|
Term
| are infants born with antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do infants begin to form antibodies |
|
Definition
| 3 mths and have normal gamma globulin levels by 6 mths |
|
|
Term
| what are heteroantibodies |
|
Definition
| antibodies that result from antigenic materials from other species |
|
|
Term
| what are alloantibodies (isoantibodies) |
|
Definition
| antibodies resulting from antigenic stimulation within the same species |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins |
|
Definition
- IgG
- IgA
- IgM
- IgE
- IgD |
|
|
Term
| what do the common configuration of these classes of immunoglobulins consist of |
|
Definition
| a monomer composed of 2 identical heavy chains, and 2 identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds or bridges in the hinge region |
|
|
Term
| what is responsible for the differences in the various immunoglobulin classes |
|
Definition
| the chemical structure in the heavy chains |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of light chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true/ false:
environmentally stimulated antibodies (natural antibodies) appear to exist without intentional antigenic stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are immune antibodies a result of |
|
Definition
| stimulation by specific foreign antigens |
|
|
Term
| what are the four phases of immune response |
|
Definition
| lag phase, log phase, plateau phase, decline |
|
|
Term
| are antibodies detectable in the lag phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibody titer increases logarithmically |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the antibody titer in the plateau phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the decline phase |
|
Definition
| the antibody is catabolized |
|
|
Term
| what does catabolize mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take antibodies to sufficiently develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the antibody titer greatest in the primary response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what immunoglobuln is associated with the primary response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the titer of IgG in the secondary response |
|
Definition
| higher and longer lasting titer |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference the time of phases in primary and secondary response |
|
Definition
| secondary response has a shorter lag phase, a longer plateau phase, and a more gradual decline in antibody titer |
|
|
Term
| what are the differences in the types of antibodies that appear between primary and secondary response |
|
Definition
- IgM antibody is the principle class of antibody formed in the primary response.
- in the secondary response the IgG class is the predominant type formed |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in antibody titer between the primary and secondary response |
|
Definition
- in the secondary response antibody concentration reaches a higher titer
- the plateau levels in the secondary response are typically ten-fold or more than the plateau levels in the primary response |
|
|
Term
| what are immune complexes |
|
Definition
| the noncovalent bonding of an antigen with its respective specific antibody |
|
|
Term
| what happens to an immune complex in unusual circumstances |
|
Definition
| an immune complex persists and is deposited into endothelial or vascular structures, where it causes inflammatory damage |
|
|
Term
| what are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) |
|
Definition
| purified antibodies cloned from a single cell |
|
|
Term
| what are some significant characteristics of mAbs |
|
Definition
- exhibit exceptional purity and specificity
- they are able to recognize and bind to specific antigens |
|
|
Term
| when are mAbs secreted into the plasma and serum in large quantities |
|
Definition
| when associated with malignant proliferation of plasma cells or their precursors, as in multiple myeloma |
|
|
Term
| what type of mAbs are used as reagents in diagnostic testing and why |
|
Definition
- monoclonal antiseras produced by hybridization
- greater diagnostic precision |
|
|
Term
| can mAbs be used in cancer therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are polyclonal antibodies produced |
|
Definition
| immunizing animals with the antigen being studied and then isolating and purifying the antibody from the animals' serum |
|
|
Term
| are polycolonal antibodies homogenous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are polyclonal antibodies as specific as mAbs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a heat labile series of 18 plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of compliment |
|
Definition
| proteins of the classic activation pathway and there terminal sequence |
|
|
Term
| what does the cascading pathway result in |
|
Definition
| ultimate formation of the membrane-attack complex (MAC) which disrupts cellular membranes |
|
|
Term
| why is the complement system important to transfusion services |
|
Definition
| incompatible ABO blood transfusions can trigger complement and result in a hemolytic transfusion reaction |
|
|
Term
| what is the visible expression of aggregation of antigens and antibodies |
|
Definition
| agglutination and precipitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clumping of particles that have antigens on their surface (such as rbcs) by antibody molecules that form bridges between antigenic determinants |
|
|
Term
| what are the two states of agglutination |
|
Definition
| sensitization and lattice formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical attachment of antibody molecules to antigens on the rbc membrane |
|
|
Term
| what conditions affect the amount of antigen-antibody binding |
|
Definition
- ph
-temperature
- incubation time
-antigen antibody ratio |
|
|
Term
| what is the pH used in routine laboratory testing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what temperatures does IgM react best at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what temperatures does IgG react best at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a reasonable incubation time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is antigen-antibody ratio |
|
Definition
| the number of antibody molecules in relation to the number of antigen sites per cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the prozone phenomenon |
|
Definition
| outcome of excess antibody concentration; |
|
|
Term
| how is the prozone phenomenon overcome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lattice formation |
|
Definition
| establishment of cross links between sensitized particles and antibodies resulting in aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aggregation of soluble test antigens |
|
|
Term
| should reading aggregation be done microscopically or macroscopically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| should discoloration of supernate be disregarded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is hemolysis as important as agglutination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the grading scale of agglutination |
|
Definition
| 0 (no agglutination present) - 4 (all rbcs clumped) |
|
|
Term
| what is pseudoagglutination |
|
Definition
| false appearance of clumping due to rouleaux fomation |
|
|
Term
| what are the micromethods of rbc antigen and antibody testing |
|
Definition
| hemagglutination or solid- phase adherence assays |
|
|
Term
| what is a benefit of micromethods |
|
Definition
| use of microplates allow for the performance of many tests on a single plate, which eliminates time consuming steps such as labeling test tubes |
|
|
Term
| what does the fluorescent antibody (FA) technique consist of |
|
Definition
| labeling antibody with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FTIC) to form a conjugate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fluorescent compound with an affinity for proteins |
|
|
Term
| what does FTIC emit when excited |
|
Definition
| bright- apple- green fluorescence |
|
|
Term
| fluorescent conjugates used are basic methods of what |
|
Definition
| direct immunofluorescent assays (DFA) and indirect immunofluorescent assays (IFA) |
|
|
Term
| describe the direct technique |
|
Definition
| conjugated antibody is used to detect antigen-antibody reactions that can be seen with a fluorescent microscope |
|
|
Term
| what is the serological method most widely used for detection of diverse antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the indirect method based on |
|
Definition
| the fact that antibodies not only act with homologous antigens, but can also act as antigens and react with antiimmunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-human globulin (AHG) that will fluoresces apple green |
|
|
Term
| what is being pursued as the technology of choice by most immunodiagnostics manufacturers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are chemiluminescence labels being used to detect |
|
Definition
| proteins, viruses, oligonucleotides, and nucleic acid sequences |
|
|
Term
| what provides an alternative to immunofluorescent assays |
|
Definition
| enzyme immunoassays (EIA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme molecules that can be conjugated to specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the most popular method for waived over the counter testing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extremely small quantities of antigen-antibody reactants |
|
|
Term
| EIA method involves the use of which techniques |
|
Definition
| indirect or direct sandwich technique |
|
|
Term
| what are flow- through EIAs popular for testing |
|
Definition
| influenzae and group A Streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| what do optical immunoassays (OIA) rely on |
|
Definition
| alteration of thickness of inert surfaces because of antigen- antibody complexes interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detection of group A Streptococcus and Influenzae A |
|
|
Term
| what do polymerase chain reactions (PCR) do |
|
Definition
| lead to detection of gene mutation that signify the early development of cancer; identification of viral DNA associated with specific cancers; detection of gene mutations associated with a wide variety of diseases |
|
|
Term
| what are the southern and northern blot methods used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which method is used to detect single based mutations including sickle cell anemia and hemophilia A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used for the detection of specific messenger RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique in which proteins are separated electrophoretically, transferred through membranes, and identified through the use of labeled antibodies specific for the protein of interest; also used to detect antibodies of specific epitopes; used to detect antibodies to HIV |
|
|
Term
| what is the confirmation test for positive HIV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sceening test for HIV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should serum be drawn to test for antibody levels of a specific organism |
|
Definition
| during the acute phase of the illness and then another specimen should be drawn during the convalescent phase |
|
|
Term
| when is the acute phase of an illness |
|
Definition
| when the disease if first discovered or suspected |
|
|
Term
| when is the convalescent phase of an illness |
|
Definition
| usually about two weeks after the acute phase |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of any serological testing |
|
Definition
| manifestation of a rise in titer |
|
|
Term
| what is an antibody titer |
|
Definition
| the reciprocal of the highest dilution of the patient's serum in which the antibody can still be detected |
|
|
Term
| what does a higher titer indicate |
|
Definition
| a relatively high concentration of the antibody is present in the serum |
|
|
Term
| what is indication of current infection in most pathological infections |
|
Definition
| an increase in the patient's titer of two doubling dilutions over several weeks |
|
|
Term
| most often serial dilutions are two fold. what does that mean |
|
Definition
| each dilution is half as concentrated as the previous one |
|
|
Term
| what specimen are the majority of immunology tests done on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can make a serum specimen unacceptable |
|
Definition
| lipemia, hemolysis, or any bacterial contamination |
|
|
Term
| what type of results will icteric or turbid samples give |
|
Definition
| may give valid results for some tests but may interfere with other tests |
|
|
Term
| why should blood specimens be collected before a meal |
|
Definition
| to avoid the presence of chyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an emulsion of fat globules that may appear in the serum after eating, during digestion |
|
|
Term
| why should contamination with alkali or acid be avoided |
|
Definition
| because the substances have a denaturing effect on serum and make the specimens useless for serological testing |
|
|
Term
| how does heat and bacterial growth affect proteins |
|
Definition
| heat coagulates the proteins and bacterial growth alter protein molecules |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the protein complement is not deactivated |
|
Definition
| it will promote lysis of the RBCs and other types of cells and can produce invalid results |
|
|
Term
| what tests is complement known to interfere with |
|
Definition
| certain tests for syphillus |
|
|
Term
| when should urine specimens be collected and why |
|
Definition
- after thorough cleaning of external genitalia
- to prevent contamination for any microbiological assays |
|
|
Term
| besides blood and urine what other specimens are immunological assays performed on |
|
Definition
| CSF, other body fluids, and on swabs of various body exudates and discharges |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the common serological and immunological tests that are of importance to the clinical laboratory diagnosis |
|
Definition
- pregnancy test
- infectous mononucleosis
- syphillus |
|
|
Term
| what principles do most non-instrument based tests apply |
|
Definition
- competitive and non-competitive immunoassays
- enzyme assays
- chemical reactions with a visually read endpoint |
|
|
Term
| what are pregnancy tests designed to detect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of "non-self" substances; the response and interaction of the body components and related interactions; and the way the immune system can be manipulated to protect against or treat diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the trophoblast of the developing embryo that rapidly increases in the urine or serum in the early stages of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| when does beta hCG reach its peak levels |
|
Definition
| 2-3 months after last period |
|
|
Term
| what makes urine specimens unacceptable for pregnancy testing |
|
Definition
| blood, large amounts of protein, or excessive bacterial contamination |
|
|
Term
| are ELISA tests available beta hCG detection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the two types of mAbs used for ELISA detection of beta hCG |
|
Definition
- the first one is a beta hCG specific antibody bound to a membrane or other solid transport medium
- the other is a beta- hCG antibody that has been linked to a specific enzyme ( alkaline phophotase) |
|
|
Term
| what is infectous mononucleosis caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is EBV widely disseminated |
|
Definition
| yes, it is estimated that 95% of the world's population is exposed to EBV |
|
|
Term
| what is the most ubiquitous human virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of virus is EBV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical manifestations of infectous mononucleosis |
|
Definition
| extreme fatigue, malaise, sore throat, fever and cervical lymphoadenopathy |
|
|
Term
| what percent of patients with infectous mononucleosis experience splenomegaly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what antibody titer is considered clinically significant in causes of suspected infectious mononucleosis |
|
Definition
| titers of 1:56 or greater |
|
|
Term
| what is considered the classic mode of autoimmune disease |
|
Definition
| systematic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) |
|
|
Term
| who is SLE most common in |
|
Definition
| females during their reproductive years |
|
|
Term
| what is an important screening tool for SLE |
|
Definition
| the antinuclear antibody (ANA) |
|
|
Term
| what is the most widely used technique for ANA screening |
|
Definition
| the immunofluorescent method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunoglobulins that react with the whole cell nucleus or with nuclear components in the tissue of the host |
|
|
Term
| are ANAs specific for SLE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of persons with SLE have ANAs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what technique is often used in screening test for SLE |
|
Definition
| fluorescent ANA techniques- indirect immunofluorescent technique |
|
|
Term
| what are the ANA patterns |
|
Definition
- peripheral
- homogenous
- speckled
- nucleolar |
|
|
Term
| what does the peripheral (nuclear rim) ANA pattern correlate with |
|
Definition
- antibody to native DNA and DNP
- SLE, SLE activity, and lupus nephritis |
|
|
Term
| what does the homogenous (diffuse) ANA pattern suggest |
|
Definition
| SLE or another connective tissue disorder |
|
|
Term
| where are speckled ANA patterns found |
|
Definition
| many disease states including SLE |
|
|
Term
| where are nucleolar ANA patterns seen |
|
Definition
| patients with progressive symptomatic sclerosis and Sjogern's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| describe a negative ANA reaction |
|
Definition
| no green or gold fluorescence observed |
|
|
Term
| describe a positive ANA reaction |
|
Definition
| green-gold fluorescence of a characteristic pattern |
|
|
Term
| what ANA reaction is a normal person expected to have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
|
Definition
| a chronic inflammatory disease, primarily affecting the joints and joint tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the association of rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly and leukopenia |
|
|
Term
| what immunoglobulins does rheumatoid synovium contain large amounts |
|
Definition
| IgG and IgM either alone or together |
|
|
Term
| What assists in confirming the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis |
|
Definition
| the identification of the rheumatoid factor (RF) in the serum or synovial fluid of patients with clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
| what does the serum of most patients with rheumatoid arthritis have |
|
Definition
| detectable soluble immune complexes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main immunoglobulin classes associated with rheumatoid factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is important in the prognosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis |
|
Definition
| determination of the presence of rheumatoid factor |
|
|
Term
| what are the most widely used routine test for rheumatoid factor |
|
Definition
| latex agglutination and sheep cell agglutination tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spirochete Treponoma pallidium |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main stages ofsyphillus |
|
Definition
- primary syphillus
- secondary syphillus
- tertiary (late) syphillus |
|
|
Term
| which stage of syphillus is most contagious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what stage of syphillus are serological tests positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are treponomal antibodies produced against |
|
Definition
| the antigens of the organisms themselves |
|
|
Term
| what are nontreponomal antibodies (reagin bodies) produced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are nontreponomal antibodies fighting against |
|
Definition
| against components of the infected persons own mammalian bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the test of choice for symptomatic patients with primary syphillus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the widely used nontreponomal serological test |
|
Definition
| rapid plasmin reagin (RPR) test |
|
|
Term
| what tests are used to confirm a positive nontreponomal test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is active acquired immunities mode of acquistion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in active acquired immunity is an antibody produced in natural and artificial infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mode of acquistion in passive immunity |
|
Definition
| natural transfer in vivo or colostrums |
|
|
Term
| is an antibody produced in natural or artificial infection in passive acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between humoral mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity |
|
Definition
- humoral mediated immunity: it is antibody mediated produces B lymphocytes and in its mode of action antibodies in plasma are soluble products
- cell mediated immunity: its cell mediated, produces T lymphocytes and its mode of action is direct cell-to-cell contact or its secreted by cells |
|
|
Term
| what percent of IgA is in serum or plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of IgD is in serum or plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much IgE is in serum or plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of IgG is in serum or plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of IgM is in serum or plasma |
|
Definition
|
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