1 mole of anything

equals

6.022*10 23

Frequency

# of events

_____________

time

Molecule

smallest form of a substnace that retains the characteristics of that substance

element

substances that can't be separated into another substance

Principle Energy Levels

• where electrons are outside the nucleus
• aka "quantum levels"//"n-levels"
• shell

electrons held in each

principle energy level

1. 2
2. 8
3. 18
4. 32
5. 50

Max number of electrons

2n²

Sublevels of electrons

S:2

P:6

D:10

F:14

(add 4 each time)

Atomic Radius Trends

Top to bottom causes AR to increase

Left to right causes AR to decrease

The stronger the charge....

... the stronger the pull of the AR

Biggest atom

Fr

Ioniation Energy (IE)

the amount of energy it takes to remove an

electron from an atom

Highest ioniation energy

Fr

Ionization Level Trends

from left to right, the ionization energy increases

from top to bottom, the ionization energy decreases

Diatomic Elements

H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, I₂, Br₂

Binary Ionic Compounds

compounds containing a metal

and non-metal

Anions

use the root name for the element followed by the ending -ide

Types of Binary Compounds

1. metal and non-metal
2. non-metal and non-metal

Type I Compounds

the metals present form only

one type of cation (only on charge)

Cations

• when naming, use the name of the element from which they are from
• charge

Type II Compounds

metal that can form more than one

ionic compound

transition metals

Roman Numerial

tells the charge on the metal of

Type II metals

Naming Type II Ionic Compounds

When naming a cation (metal), you must indicate the charge of the metal

Use Roman numeral

Type III Bianary Compounds

compounds containing two non-metals

NO METALS!!

Rules for Naming

Type III Bianary Compounds

1. first element in formula is named first (full element name is used)
2. second element is named like an anion
3. prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present
4. prefix (mono-) never used for naming first element

NH₃

Ammonia

Polyatomic Ion

charged entities composed of several atoms bound together

Oxyanions

series of polyatomic ions that contain an element grouped with different numbers of oxygen atoms

Names of the ions

derived from the element name and the number of oxygen atoms bound to that element

Hypo-

means less, so hypo- always has one less ion than the next

Formation of compounds

containing polyatomic ions

• polyatomic ions form couplouds with Type I metals the same way non-metals do
• treat the polyamoic ions as single anions

Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

Compounds containing polyatomic ions are named the same way as Bianary Ionic compounds

Group Number

highest principle energy level

Abbreviated method

take previous noble gas and add remainder

Noble gases

very unreactant

Valence electrons

outermost electrons, highest end level

Core electrons

the rest of the electrons, inner, don't partake in Chem. reaction

Reasons why things happen

1. higher energy level to lower energy (unstable to stable)
2. very order to disorder

Ions

Charged particles

How much charge do atoms, elements, and compounds have?

NONE

When writing an ion...

ALWAYS put brackets around it and a charge

cation

positive ions, metals

anion

negative ions, non-metal

spector ions

ions that appear on both sides/ cancel each other out; do not include in net ionic equation

signs of a chemical reaction

• ppt
• gas
• color change
• bubbles
• evaperation
• temperature change

Evaporation

when chemical reaction happen by itself at room temperature

How to name an anion

take the root of the element and add -ide

How to name a cation

use the element name

Polyatomic ions

Ions containing more than one type of elements

Periodic Table Order

s,s,p,s,p,s,d,p,etc

f is bottom box