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Chem Midterm Packet
Chem midterm packet
68
Chemistry
10th Grade
01/16/2012

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Cards

Term
Density
Definition
Mass/Volume
Term
Ionic Bonds
Definition

-Electrons are transferred between metal to nonmetal.

-brittle

-High melting point

-Good conductor of electricity

-Solid, strong bond, soluble in water

 -Electronegativity is ≥ 2.0

-for naming common ion sheet

Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition

-Electrons are sharred between two nonmetals.

-Weak bond

-Low melting point

-Not soluable in water,

-Not a good conducter of electricity

-Liquid or gas

 -Electronegetivity for Polar Covalent is .5<x<2.0

 -Electronegativity for Nonpolar is ≤0.4

-for naming (mono, di, tri, tetra...)

 

Term
Metallic Bonds
Definition

-Electrons are delocalized among metal atoms

-"electron sea" structure

-solid, very high melting point

-malleable, ductile, lusterous

-good conductor of electricity

 

Term
Atomic Radius
Definition

-One half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined.

-Increases as you go down

-Decreases as you go right

Term
Ionization Energy
Definition

-The energy requires to remove an electron from an atom.

-Decreases as you go down

-Increases as you go right

Term
Electronegativity
Definition

-The ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound.

-Decreases as you go down

-Increases as you go right

Term
Electron Affinity
Definition

-The energy change associated with the addition of an electron.

-Decreases as you go down

-Increases as you go right

Term
Which matters more in trends, up and down/left or right?
Definition
-Because of energy level and sheilding, an electron that is further down would be more than an electron that is further right.
Term
Scientific Method
Definition

1.State Problem  5.Conduct a controlled experiment

2.Research/Make Observations  6.Record/Organize Data

3. Form a Hypothesis        7. Analyze Results

4. Design Experiment 8.Conclusion

 

 

Term
Atomic #
Definition
# of protons
Term
Mass #
Definition
# of protons and neutrons
Term
# of protons in a neutral atom
Definition
# of electrons
Term
Ion
Definition
Protons doesn't equal electrons
Term
Isotope
Definition
Protons don't equal neutrons
Term
Accuracy
Definition

How close the measurement is to an accepted or ture value. % error is used to express accuracy.

Percent Error = Experimental value- accepted value/ accepted value all times 100%

Term
Precision
Definition
How close a series of measurements are to each other. + or - uncertainty and significant digits are used to express precision.
Term
Element
Definition

Simplest kind of matter, all one kind of atom can't be broken down.

Ex. Carbon, hydrogen

Term
Compound
Definition

Subsstance that contains two or more elements chemically combined. 

Ex. Water, Hydrochloric Acid

Term
Mixure
Definition
Physical blend of atleast two substances, have variable composition. Can be heterogeneous (composition not uniform) like a salad, or homogeneous (uniform composition) like saltwater. Mixures can be separated through distilation, electrolysis, or filtration.
Term
Solids
Definition
Difinite volume and shape, particles packed together in fixed positions. Not easily compressed.
Term
Liquids
Definition
Definite volume no definite shape, particles close together but not fixed. Not easily compressed.
Term
Gasses
Definition
No definite shape or definite volume, spaced out particles and constantly moving. Easily compressed.
Term
Plasma
Definition
high temperature, ionized phase of matter found on the sun.
Term
Family/Group 1A
Definition
Alkali metals, excluding Hydrogen, very reactive, forms positive ions (+1)
Term
Family/Group 2A
Definition
Alkaline Earth Metals, very reactive, form positive ions (+2)
Term
Family/Group 7A
Definition
Halogens, very reactive nonmetals, form negative ion (-1)
Term
Family/Group 8A
Definition
Noble Gasses, non-reactive, dont form ions or compounds
Term
SI units
Definition

mass= kg

time= s

Length= m

current= A

Temp= K

Amount of Substance= mol

Volume= L

Luminous Intensity= cd (candela?)

Term
Energy Equation
Definition

Energy(Joules) = 6.63*10^-34Frequency(Hertz)

E=hv

Term
Evaporation/Boiling
Definition

Liquid to gas, requires energy.

 

Term
Condensation
Definition
Gas to liquid, releases energy.
Term
Melting
Definition
Solid to liquid, requires energy.
Term
Freezing
Definition
Liquid to solid, releases energy.
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Solid to gas, requires energy.
Term
Dalton
Definition

-1st -Atomic therory: elements made of atoms which are indivisible -Atoms of the same element are identical

-Used scientific methods

Term
Thomson
Definition

-2nd -Used cathode ray experiment to discover electrons

-Described atoms as plum pudding

Term
Rutherford
Definition
-3rd - Used Gold foil experiment to discover that atom is mostly empty space except for small dense, positve center (nucleus) -Nucleus:Atom::Football:Stadium
Term
Bohr
Definition
-4th - Came up with Planitary Model -Said electrons are found only in specific orbits around the nucleus
Term
Schrodinger
Definition
-5th -Mathematically described electron behavior in atoms -Location based on probability
Term
Chadwick
Definition
-6th -Using alpha particles discovered neutron in the nucleus close to the proton
Term
Fission
Definition
Splitting a nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei by neutron bombardment. -Cons: danger of meltdown, toxic waste, thermal polution, 235U is limited
Term
Fusion
Definition
Combining two nuclei to form one nucleus of larger mass. -Pros: fuel is abundant , no danger of meltdown, no toxic waste
Term
Electron
Definition

Electron absorbs the energy, moves to higher energy level. Returns to stable state, gives of a photon which has a certain frequency and wavelength. Produces a specific energy in the form of color.

= atomic # if its an atom

Term
Dimitri Mendeleev
Definition
 -Made frst orderly periodic table of all 63 elements known at the time, arranged in order of increasing atomic mass. Left blank spaces in his table, predicted properties of undescovered elements.
Term
Henry Moseley
Definition
-1913 -Proved that nucleus of an element has a unique positive charge (atomic #), rearanged Mendelees PT according to increasing atomic #, still used today.
Term
Principal Quantum #
Definition
Describes the shell (energy level) in which the electron is located. Symbolized by n, values 1,2,3,4. As n increases, electron gets further from the nuleus.
Term
Angular Momentum Quantum #
Definition
Sublevel in which the electron is located, symbolized by l, sublevels are s,p,d, and f.
Term
Magnetic Quantum #
Definition
Indicates orbital were electron is located, symbolized by m, 1 spherical orbital in s, 3 dumbpell shaped orbitals in p, 5 clover shaped orbitals in d, and 7 complex dumbells in f.
Term
Spin Quantum #
Definition
Tells the direction of spin, clockwise or counter clockwise of an electron in a magnetic field, symbolized by ms.
Term
Law of Conservation of Mass
Definition
Matter is neither created nor destroyed in any process.
Term
Extensive Properties
Definition
Property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. Ex. mass,volume
Term
Intensive Properties
Definition

Properties that depend on the type of matter.

Ex. hardness, density

Term
Physical Change
Definition

Changes the visible appearance of the material without changing the composition of the material. Can be reversible or irreversible.

Ex.  Cutting, Evaporating, Dissolving, Freezing

Term
Chemical Change
Definition

Changes where a new form of matter is formed and composition of matter is changed. Products have different properties than reactants.

Ex. Rust, Ferment, Baking, Burning Gas

Term
Recognizing a Chemical Change
Definition

-Gas production (bubbling or smoke) -precipitate forming

-irreversibility

Term
Quantum Mechanical Theory
Definition
Determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus. The electron cloud is most dense where the probability of finding electrons is highest.
Term
Atomic Orbital
Definition
A region around the nucleus of an atom where an electron with a given energy is likely to be found.
Term
Electron Configuration
Definition
Distribution of electrons between orbitals in an atom.
Term
Aufbau Principle
Definition
Electons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first. The range of another principle energy level can overlap the energy levels of another principle level. For example the 4s orbital is lower in energy than a 3d orbital.
Term
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Definition
An orbital can hold two electrons at the most, the two electrons must have different spins (paired electrons).
Term
Hund's Rule
Definition
Electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy so that makes the number of eletrons with the same spin direction as large as posible (Electrons don't pair up until they have).
Term
Periodic Law
Definition
When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, there is a periodic repitition of physical and chemical properties.
Term
Periods
Definition
Horizontal rows.
Term
Properties of Metals
Definition
-Good conductors of heat and electricity -Malleable -ductile -Lusterous
Term
Properties of Nonmetals
Definition
-Poor conductors of heat and electricity - Brittle - Gasses at room temperature
Term
Cations
Definition
Positively charged Ion, formed by loosing electrons.
Term
Anions
Definition
Negatively charged Ions, formed by gaining electrons.
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