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-Electrons are transferred between metal to nonmetal.
-brittle
-High melting point
-Good conductor of electricity
-Solid, strong bond, soluble in water
-Electronegativity is ≥ 2.0
-for naming common ion sheet |
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Definition
-Electrons are sharred between two nonmetals.
-Weak bond
-Low melting point
-Not soluable in water,
-Not a good conducter of electricity
-Liquid or gas
-Electronegetivity for Polar Covalent is .5<x<2.0
-Electronegativity for Nonpolar is ≤0.4
-for naming (mono, di, tri, tetra...)
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-Electrons are delocalized among metal atoms
-"electron sea" structure
-solid, very high melting point
-malleable, ductile, lusterous
-good conductor of electricity
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Definition
-One half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined.
-Increases as you go down
-Decreases as you go right |
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Definition
-The energy requires to remove an electron from an atom.
-Decreases as you go down
-Increases as you go right |
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-The ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound.
-Decreases as you go down
-Increases as you go right |
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Definition
-The energy change associated with the addition of an electron.
-Decreases as you go down
-Increases as you go right |
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Term
| Which matters more in trends, up and down/left or right? |
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Definition
| -Because of energy level and sheilding, an electron that is further down would be more than an electron that is further right. |
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Term
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Definition
1.State Problem 5.Conduct a controlled experiment
2.Research/Make Observations 6.Record/Organize Data
3. Form a Hypothesis 7. Analyze Results
4. Design Experiment 8.Conclusion
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Definition
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| # of protons and neutrons |
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| # of protons in a neutral atom |
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Definition
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Definition
| Protons doesn't equal electrons |
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Definition
| Protons don't equal neutrons |
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Definition
How close the measurement is to an accepted or ture value. % error is used to express accuracy.
Percent Error = Experimental value- accepted value/ accepted value all times 100% |
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Definition
| How close a series of measurements are to each other. + or - uncertainty and significant digits are used to express precision. |
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Definition
Simplest kind of matter, all one kind of atom can't be broken down.
Ex. Carbon, hydrogen |
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Definition
Subsstance that contains two or more elements chemically combined.
Ex. Water, Hydrochloric Acid |
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Definition
| Physical blend of atleast two substances, have variable composition. Can be heterogeneous (composition not uniform) like a salad, or homogeneous (uniform composition) like saltwater. Mixures can be separated through distilation, electrolysis, or filtration. |
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Definition
| Difinite volume and shape, particles packed together in fixed positions. Not easily compressed. |
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| Definite volume no definite shape, particles close together but not fixed. Not easily compressed. |
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| No definite shape or definite volume, spaced out particles and constantly moving. Easily compressed. |
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Definition
| high temperature, ionized phase of matter found on the sun. |
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Definition
| Alkali metals, excluding Hydrogen, very reactive, forms positive ions (+1) |
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Definition
| Alkaline Earth Metals, very reactive, form positive ions (+2) |
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| Halogens, very reactive nonmetals, form negative ion (-1) |
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| Noble Gasses, non-reactive, dont form ions or compounds |
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Term
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Definition
mass= kg
time= s
Length= m
current= A
Temp= K
Amount of Substance= mol
Volume= L
Luminous Intensity= cd (candela?) |
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Term
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Definition
Energy(Joules) = 6.63*10^-34Frequency(Hertz)
E=hv |
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Definition
Liquid to gas, requires energy.
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| Gas to liquid, releases energy. |
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Definition
| Solid to liquid, requires energy. |
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| Liquid to solid, releases energy. |
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| Solid to gas, requires energy. |
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Definition
-1st -Atomic therory: elements made of atoms which are indivisible -Atoms of the same element are identical
-Used scientific methods |
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Definition
-2nd -Used cathode ray experiment to discover electrons
-Described atoms as plum pudding |
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Term
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| -3rd - Used Gold foil experiment to discover that atom is mostly empty space except for small dense, positve center (nucleus) -Nucleus:Atom::Football:Stadium |
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Definition
| -4th - Came up with Planitary Model -Said electrons are found only in specific orbits around the nucleus |
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Definition
| -5th -Mathematically described electron behavior in atoms -Location based on probability |
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Definition
| -6th -Using alpha particles discovered neutron in the nucleus close to the proton |
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Definition
| Splitting a nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei by neutron bombardment. -Cons: danger of meltdown, toxic waste, thermal polution, 235U is limited |
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Definition
| Combining two nuclei to form one nucleus of larger mass. -Pros: fuel is abundant , no danger of meltdown, no toxic waste |
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Definition
Electron absorbs the energy, moves to higher energy level. Returns to stable state, gives of a photon which has a certain frequency and wavelength. Produces a specific energy in the form of color.
= atomic # if its an atom |
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Definition
| -Made frst orderly periodic table of all 63 elements known at the time, arranged in order of increasing atomic mass. Left blank spaces in his table, predicted properties of undescovered elements. |
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Definition
| -1913 -Proved that nucleus of an element has a unique positive charge (atomic #), rearanged Mendelees PT according to increasing atomic #, still used today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the shell (energy level) in which the electron is located. Symbolized by n, values 1,2,3,4. As n increases, electron gets further from the nuleus. |
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| Angular Momentum Quantum # |
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Definition
| Sublevel in which the electron is located, symbolized by l, sublevels are s,p,d, and f. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicates orbital were electron is located, symbolized by m, 1 spherical orbital in s, 3 dumbpell shaped orbitals in p, 5 clover shaped orbitals in d, and 7 complex dumbells in f. |
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Definition
| Tells the direction of spin, clockwise or counter clockwise of an electron in a magnetic field, symbolized by ms. |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass |
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Definition
| Matter is neither created nor destroyed in any process. |
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Definition
| Property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. Ex. mass,volume |
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Definition
Properties that depend on the type of matter.
Ex. hardness, density |
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Definition
Changes the visible appearance of the material without changing the composition of the material. Can be reversible or irreversible.
Ex. Cutting, Evaporating, Dissolving, Freezing |
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Definition
Changes where a new form of matter is formed and composition of matter is changed. Products have different properties than reactants.
Ex. Rust, Ferment, Baking, Burning Gas |
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| Recognizing a Chemical Change |
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Definition
-Gas production (bubbling or smoke) -precipitate forming
-irreversibility |
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| Quantum Mechanical Theory |
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Definition
| Determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus. The electron cloud is most dense where the probability of finding electrons is highest. |
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Definition
| A region around the nucleus of an atom where an electron with a given energy is likely to be found. |
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Definition
| Distribution of electrons between orbitals in an atom. |
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Definition
| Electons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first. The range of another principle energy level can overlap the energy levels of another principle level. For example the 4s orbital is lower in energy than a 3d orbital. |
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| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
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Definition
| An orbital can hold two electrons at the most, the two electrons must have different spins (paired electrons). |
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Definition
| Electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy so that makes the number of eletrons with the same spin direction as large as posible (Electrons don't pair up until they have). |
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Definition
| When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, there is a periodic repitition of physical and chemical properties. |
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Definition
| -Good conductors of heat and electricity -Malleable -ductile -Lusterous |
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Definition
| -Poor conductors of heat and electricity - Brittle - Gasses at room temperature |
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Definition
| Positively charged Ion, formed by loosing electrons. |
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Definition
| Negatively charged Ions, formed by gaining electrons. |
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