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| The purpose of an enzyme in a cell is to allow the cell to carry out chemical reactions very quickly. These reactions allow the cell to build things or take things apart as needed. This is how a cell grows and reproduces. |
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| the base on which an organism lives |
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| A non-covalent complex composed of a substrate bound to the active site of the enzyme. The enzyme-substrate complex is formed during a chemical reaction. The substrate may still dissociate from the enzyme. The enzyme may then be recycled and combined with another substrate to form the complex. |
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| The result of a completed series of processes or changes. |
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| The number of times that one molecule of enzyme can react with a substrate in a period of time. |
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| Slow down the normal turnover number of an enzyme. |
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| Speeds up chemical reactions. |
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| One of the properties of enzymes that makes them so important as diagnostic and research tools is the specificity they exhibit relative to the reactions they catalyze. A few enzymes exhibit absolute specificity; that is, they will catalyze only one particular reaction. |
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| A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place (binding site). The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.A structural element of protein that determines whether the protein is functional when undergoing a reaction from an enzyme. this structural element will be accordingly shaped to the structure of the enzyme at work on it. |
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| Turnover number + concentration of the enzyme |
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Definition
| As enzyme concentration increases, the more active sites available so the rate of reaction increases. |
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| Concentration of Substrate + turnover rate |
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Definition
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| Temperature + turnover rate |
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Definition
| Rate increases to optimum and falls rapidly after 40 degrees Celsius. |
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Definition
| Low pH: You no longer have the ability to form ionic bonds between the substrate and the enzyme. If those bonds were necessary to attach the substrate and activate it in some way, then at this lower pH, the enzyme won't work. High pH: Again, there is no possibility of forming ionic bonds, and so the enzyme probably won't work this time either. |
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Definition
| A procedure involving a complex solution is enclosed in a cellophane bag that is manufactured to contain pores of a particular uniform size. By placing the filled bag in a beaker containing a low-solute or solute-free solution, the steep concentration gradient created between these two environments to facilitate the removal of unwanted smaller particles. |
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| Hypertonic comes from the Greek "hyper," meaning over, and "tonos," meaning stretching. In a hypertonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell. If concentrations of dissolved solutes are greater outside the cell, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly lower. As a result, water inside the cell will flow outwards to attain equilibrium, causing the cell to shrink. |
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| Hypotonic comes from the Greek "hypo," meaning under, and "tonos," meaning stretching. In a hypotonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell. If concentrations of dissolved solutes are less outside the cell than inside, the concentration of water outside is correspondingly greater. When a cell is exposed to such hypotonic conditions, there is net water movement into the cell. |
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| When two environments are isotonic, the total molar concentration of dissolved solutes is the same in both of them. When cells are in isotonic solution, movement of water out of the cell is exactly balanced by movement of water into the cell. |
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| The movement of water molecules across a membrane. |
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| A physical separation method that separates components based on mass. Unlike dialysis, it does not take advantage of the process of diffusion but rather takes advantages of centrifugal force. |
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| Process selectively used to isolate proteins from a mixed solution. This procedure takes advantage of the fact that proteins will precipitate out of solution in the presence of high salt concentrations. |
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| Polyhydroxyaldehyde other compounds that yield upon acid hydrolysis (reaction with water in the presence of acid. Principal constituents of plants. |
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| Simplest carbohyrdates. Three most common: glucose, galactose, and fructose. |
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| Two monosaccharides joined by an ether linkage (c-o-c) formed in nature with the elimination of one water molecule. |
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| Complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharide units joined together by ether linkages to form a long polymeric structure. Starch is the most important polysaccharide with repeating glucose units. |
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Definition
| open-chain carbohydrate with a free aldehyde group. |
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| Detect the presence of reducing sugars.Starches and other polysaccharides are not able to reduce the Benedict reagent. |
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| Used to detect the presence of polysaccharides. Starch will form a dark-blue complex with iodine. |
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| Glycerol and three long chain carboxylic acids, commonly called fatty acids. |
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| saturated fats used to form triglyceride. |
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| Simple test to show the presence of triglycerides. An acetone solution of a triglyceride is poured onto a piece of filter paper or notebook paper. |
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| Complex biological substances composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus. |
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| Dietary protein provides the nitrogeneous material needed to build protoplasm, enzymes, and those hormones that are proteins. |
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| Two amino acids joined together. |
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Definition
| Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Principle source is petroleum. |
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| Contain either straight chains, branched chains, or certain cylcic arrangements of carbon atoms. |
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Definition
| Contain at least one aromatic ring, most commonly the benzene ring. |
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Term
| 3 classes of Aliphatic hydrocarbons |
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Definition
Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons that contain only C-C bonds
Alkenese: unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C-C double bond
Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C-C triple bond |
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Definition
| compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas of the other. |
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| Oxidation reaction, yielding carbon dioxide, water and considerable heat energy. |
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Definition
| Atom or group of atoms replaces a hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon molecule. |
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Definition
| The halogens, principally chlorine and bromine can readily substitute for hydrogen. |
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Definition
| Organic compounds that contain ONLY carbons and hydrogen principally found in petroleum. |
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Definition
| Contain straight chains or branched chains |
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Definition
| Contain at least one aromatic ring, most commonly Benzene ring. |
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| An atom or group of atoms replace a hydrogen atom in the hydrocarbon molecule. |
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| Chlorine and Bromine can readily substitute for hydrocarbon in what is called halogen reactions. |
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| An atom or group of atoms ADD to the double bond, which saturates the bond. |
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| The addition of hydrogen to an alkyne |
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Definition
| Alkene is oxidized by dilute potassium permanganate (KMnO4). |
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