Term
| of dry cells, alkaline batteries, and Ni-cad batteries, which are in basic environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| of dry cells, alkaline batteries, and Ni-cad batteries, which are non-rechargeable? |
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Definition
| dry cells and alkaline batteries |
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Term
| of dry cells, alkaline batteries, and Ni-cad batteries, which share a common anode, and what is it? |
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Definition
| dry cells and alkaline batteries both have a zinc anode. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a nuclear reaction results in an unstable product, which in turn reacts until finally the product is stable. |
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Term
| how is the presence of radon-222 attributable to radioactive decay series? |
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Definition
| uranium-238 decays and forms trace amounts of radon, which is poisonous. (it doesn't form more than a bit, because radon's half-life is very short.) |
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Term
| positron emission and electron capture differ from altha, beta, and gamma radition in that... |
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Definition
| they only occur in synthesized elements |
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Term
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Definition
| the antimatter equivalent to an electron - no mass, charge of +1 (instead of -1 for an electron) |
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Term
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Definition
| the very narrow range of stable isotopes |
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Term
| what are the only two stable isotopes with more protons than neutrons? |
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Definition
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Term
| until calcium, what is the usual ratio protons to neutrons? after calcium? |
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Definition
| until calcium, there are usually equal numbers of protons and neutrons on stable isotopes. after calcium, there are always more neutrons than protons. |
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Term
| if one unstable isotope is nearer to the band of stability than another, which will have the shorter half-life? |
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Definition
| the one that is further away from the band of stability |
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Term
| if one nucleus is heavier than another, which will have the shorter half-life? |
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Definition
| the heavier nucleus will have the shorter half-life |
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Term
| if an isotope is very stable, it is most likely to have an (even/odd) atomic number and an (even/odd) number of neutrons |
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Definition
| even atomic number and an even number of neutrons |
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Term
| elements beyond bismuth are most likely to decay via what radiation, and why? |
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Definition
| alpha radiation; they need to go down in atomic number, so they emit alpha particles that decreas their atomic number by two |
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Term
| isotopes ABOVE the band of stability are likely to undergo which type of radiation? |
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Definition
| beta radiation - above the band of stability means they need to add charge/protons to balance extra neutrons. beta radiation emits an electron, increasing the atomic number by 1 while keeping the number of neutrons the same. |
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Term
| what kind of decay happens to isotopes BELOW the band of stability? |
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Definition
| below the band of stability - more protons than neutrons. they need to keep the same mass number but lower the atomic number, so they decay by positron emission or electron capture (which lower atomic number and keep mass number the same.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy required to separate the nucleus of an atom into protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the mass of a nucleus that can't be explained by adding its constituent particle masses |
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Term
| explain Einstein's equation of special relativity E=mc2 as it relates to nuclear binding energy |
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Definition
| nuclear binding energy = "missing mass" not accounted for by adding the masses of the constituent particles of a nucleus times the speed of light, squared. |
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Term
| what units are used in Einstein's equation for special relativity? |
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Definition
| mass in in kg; speed of light in in m/s; energy is in J |
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Term
| the activity of a radioactive sample is ___________ to the number of radioactive atoms present |
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Definition
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Term
| all stable isotopes occur naturally (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
| all unstable (radioactive) isotopes occur only unnaturally (T/F) |
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Definition
| false; some are natural, like uranium-235 |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions in which a neutron is captured and a gamma ray is emitted |
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Term
| what are two things that can cause termination of a chain reaction? |
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Definition
1. running out of reactant
2. neutrons escaping the sample without being captured by reactant |
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Term
| what is required for fusion reactions? |
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Definition
| REALLY high temperatures. |
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Term
| why do ionic solids make bad electrodes? |
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Definition
| thier ions are locked into the crystal lattice, so they don't conduct electricity |
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Term
| use electrochemical cell conventions to represent a cell where Cu(s) is oxidized to Cu2+ and Ag+ is reduced to Ag(s) |
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Definition
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Term
| in electrochemical cell conventions, which electrode is written on the left, and which on the right? |
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Definition
| anode is on the left, cathode is on the right |
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Term
| what happens if current is drawn rapidly from an aqueous cell, and why? |
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Definition
| the voltage decreases, because the concentration of ions near the electrode are depleted and you have to wait for more to show up. |
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Term
| the amount of current produced in a voltaic cell has to do with: |
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Definition
| the amount of reagents consumed |
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Term
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Definition
| can't be recharged - the reagents can't be put back to where they were. |
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Term
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Definition
| are rechargeable (their reactions can be reversed) |
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Term
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Definition
| zinc is the anode; gas is produced; eventually start leaking ammonium acid; primary battery |
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Term
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Definition
| zinc is the anode; material is basic; primary cell; produces no gas |
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Term
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Definition
| anode is lead; secondary cell (rechargeable); environment is sulfuric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| anode is cadmium, cathode is nickel; rechargeable, because product is solid that adheres to the electrodes; basic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| unlike a battery, reactants are supplied continuously from outside the battery |
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Term
| what are standard conditions for emf? |
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Definition
| reactants and products are in standard states; solutes in aqueous solution have a concentration of 1.0 M, and gases have a pressure of 1.0 bar. |
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Term
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Definition
| the quantity of electric charge carried by one mole of electrons |
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Term
| the further apart the half-reactions are on the potential ladder, the more ___________ the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| electrolysis reactions are ______-favored |
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Definition
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Term
| even though the energy required to oxidize 2Cl- into Cl2 is greater than H2O, why will Cl2 nevertheless be formed? |
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Definition
| the rate of reaction for Cl2 is so much higher than water |
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Term
| what is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| a spontaneous process is one that increases the entropy of the universe |
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Term
| true or false: Gibbs free energy G is dependant on temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| toothpaste contains fluoride because |
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Definition
| fluoride replaces OH- in tooth enamel to make it acid resistent |
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Term
| if ΔG is very negative, the reaction will proceed more quickly (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy it takes to turn liquid into gas - will be larger as intermolecular bonds/size increases |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy given off by ions coming together to make a crystal lattice |
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Term
| how does temperature effect activation energy? |
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Definition
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