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CHEM 371
Steriochemistry
29
Chemistry
Undergraduate 3
02/21/2007

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Term
in cellulose, O atom joins two rings using two ___________ bonds
Definition
equatorial bonds
Term
in starch, O atom joins two rings using one __________ and one ___________ bond
Definition
equatorial, axial
Term
isomers
Definition
different compounds with the same molecular formula
Term
constitutional isomers
Definition
(structural isomers) differ in the way atoms are connected on each other, and have: (1) different names, (2) same or different functional groups, (3) different physical properties, (4) different chemical properties
Term
stereoisomers
Definition
differ only in the way atoms are oriented in space, and have: (1) identical names, besides cis/trans prefix; (2) the same functional groups
Term
chiral
Definition
molecule that is NOT superimposable on its mirror image
Term
achiral
Definition
molecule that IS superimposable on its mirror image
Term
enantiomers
Definition
mirror images that are NOT superimposable
Term
stereogenic center
Definition
a carbon atomm bonded to 4 different groups
Term
to be chiral, a molecule must have_______.
Definition
stereogenic centers
Term
with one tetrahedral stereogenic center, a molecule is always/never chiral?
Definition
always
Term
with two+ stereogenic centers, a molecule is chiral/achiral?
Definition
may or may not be chiral
Term
achiral molecules must contain:
Definition
a plane of symmetry, but chiral molecules do not
Term
rules needed to assign priority to each group bonded to the sterogenic center:
Definition
1. highest atomic number gets highest priority
2. if 2 are the same, assign according to atomic number of atoms bonded to it
3. treat multiply bonded atoms as an equivalent number of singly bonded atoms
Term
R enantiomer
Definition
right, or clockwise, when 4 is in back
Term
S enantiomer
Definition
Left, or counterclockwise, when 4 is in back
Term
for n stereocenters, the maximum # of stereoisomers is...
Definition
2^n
Term
steps to find all stereoisomers
Definition
1. draw one stereoisomer by arbitrarily arranging substituents, and draw its mirror image
2. draw a 3rd by switching the positions of any 2 groups on one stereogenic center, then draw its mirror image
3. check for identical molecules
Term
diastereomers
Definition
stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other
Term
meso compound
Definition
an achiral compound that contains tetrahedral stereogenic centers (must contain a plane of symmetry in one conformatino and must have at least 2 stereogenic centers)
Term
the chemical and physical properties of two enantiomers are identical except in their interaction with _______ substances
Definition
chiral
Term
with achiral compounds, light exits the sample tube changed/unchanged?
Definition
unchanged
Term
optically active
Definition
a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light (chiral compounds)
Term
dextrorotatory
Definition
when light is rotated clockwise (+)
Term
levorotatory
Definition
when light is rotated counterclockwise (-)
Term
racemic mixture
Definition
an equal amount of two enantiomers (optically inactive)
Term
specific rotation equation
Definition
[a] = a/ (lxC)

a=observed angle of rotation
l=length of sample tube (dm)
C= concentration (g/mL)
Term
enantiomeric excess equation
Definition
ee = % of one enantiomer - % of the other enantiomer
Term
ee=
Definition
ee= [a] mixture / [a] pure enantiomer x 100%
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