Term
| Risk Factors for heart disease? |
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Definition
| low birth weight, being male, hypertension, obesity, smoking, diabetes, stress, microbes, homocystene (parallel factor), high triglycerides, cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
steroid, critical to life but not needed from diet
produced by liver naturally |
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Term
| Familial hypercholesterolemia? |
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Definition
genetic: large, visible deposits of cholesterol below skin
people affected suffer from very high death rates at young age |
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Term
| At what levels of C-reactive protein can a burst occur? |
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Definition
>2g/L
--> this will form a blood clot & may block passage of blood to heart, resulting in a heart attack |
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Term
| What did the JUPITER study show? |
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Definition
people who had elevated levels of C-reactive protein & were treated with crestor saw a 100% reduction of cardiovascular events
for each 120 people treated, 1 event was prevented ($290000 to prevent 1 event) |
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Term
| What did the Frammingham study show? |
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Definition
| that people with high cholesterol levels also saw an increased risk for heart disease |
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Term
| What did the 7 Countries study show? |
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Definition
| a linear relationship between cholesterol levels and cornoray heart disease |
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Term
| Who was first interested in lipoproteins? |
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Definition
| Joseph Goldstein & Micheal Brown |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that wrap around fat soluble cholesterol so that it can be transported in the blood stream |
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Term
| What's the difference between HDL & LDL? |
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Definition
HDL ("good"): picks up exess cholesterol in body and transports it to live
LDL("bad"): transports cholesterol from liver to cells, but if LDL receptors have already received maximum amount, they will simply deposit the cholesterol in the blood stream=build up of excess cholesterol |
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Term
| What are the ideal levels for total cholesterol? |
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Definition
<5.2 (<200) = GOOD!
5.2-6.2 (200-239) = risky
>6.2 (>240) = BAD!
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Term
| What are the ideal levels for LDL? |
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Definition
<3.4 (<130) = GOOD!
3.4-4.1 (130-159) = risky
>4.1 (>160) = BAD |
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Term
| What are the ideal levels for HDL? |
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Definition
>1.56 (>160) = GOOD!
<1.0 (<140) = Bad!
*opposed to the other levels, having a high amount of HDL is actually desired. The benefits of high HDL are more important than the risks of high LDL |
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Term
| What are the ideal ratios of cholesterol? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you calculate LDL? |
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Definition
| LDL= (Total cholesterol-HDL-Triglycerides)/5 |
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Term
| What does A-1 Milano apolipoprotein do? |
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Definition
| Cleans arteries, neutrilizes free radicals, both of which can reduce artery swelling |
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Term
| Why do farmers feed chickens flax seeds? |
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Definition
| Eggs have high cholesterol (which isnt as big of problem as originally thought) so companies wanted to infuse eggs with omega 3s (contained in flax seeds) to counteract the bad press of cholesterol. Although fish omega 3's help reduce heart beat irregularities, the flax variety has no effect. |
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Term
| Which unsaturated fat oil has the greatest negative impact on cardiovascular health: olive, canola or corn? |
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Definition
Corn: it contains linoleic acid which increases inflammation in the blood vesssels
Olive & Corn are not beneficial, but neither has any negative effect on cartiovascular health |
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Term
| What did the Women's Health Initiative show? |
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Definition
| women who took diets low in saturated fats, saw no change in heart disease risk |
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Term
| What are some foods that lower cholesterol? |
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Definition
| sitosenol (from pine trees): margarine substitute, soy beans, flax (decreases bile acids), oats (decrease LDL), beans, wine (maaaybe?) |
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Term
| Drug treatments to lower cholesterol? |
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Definition
| garlic, niacin, questrin, statins, Zetia |
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Term
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Definition
| the act as an anti-inflammatory |
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Term
| What does Mevacor (a statin) do? |
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Definition
active ingredient=lovastatin
interferes with the synthesis of cholesterol in live |
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Term
| What was Lipitor found to do? |
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Definition
| lowered: cholesterol, LDL & triglycerides! |
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Term
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Definition
it blocks cholesterol uptake in the intestine
-> comined with statin it reduced LDL levels but not the already established build up in arteries
preformed no better than a statin alone |
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Term
| What did the Scananavian 4S study show? |
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Definition
statins reduced risk..
30 patients treated over 5 years for 1 success |
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Term
| What is worse a small LDL or a large one? |
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Definition
Small: easier to penetrate cells
NMR Lipoprofile tests for LDL size levels
low sat fat diets often compensate by taking in more carbs, which can lower overall LDL but increase the amount of small LDL |
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Term
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Definition
A LDL with a new protein attached by an S-S bond
more damaging than LDL alone
interferes with blood coagulation |
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