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Chem 171 Midterm 2 Refined
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102
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
11/13/2014

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Term
Hydrogen formation by steam reforming
Definition
CH4 +H2O-Ni->CO+3H2
Term
Hydrogen formation by water gas-shift reaction
Definition
CO+H2O-Fe/Cu->CO2 +H2
Term
Hydrogen bond strength
Definition
20 kJ/mol
Term
NaHCO3
Definition
baking soda (bicarbonate of soda) - reacts with weak acid to form CO2 in bread
Term
NaCO3
Definition
washing soda (provides carbonate in solution that precipitates Mg2+ )
Term
NaNO3, KNO3
Definition
oxidizing agent in black gunpowder, also used in matches.
25
The important reaction is:
2KNO3 + 4C -> K2CO3(s) + 3CO(g) + N2(g)
(produces lots of gas, so explosion occurs).
Term
Pure alkaline earths are made by..
Definition
Dow Process. MgCl2 -> Mg2+ + 2Cl- -> Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
Term
thermite reactions
Definition
(3BaO + 2Al -> Al2O3 + 3Ba) produces pure alkaline earths
(Al + Fe2O3 ->Fe + Al2O3)
Term
Alkali/alkaline earth metal salt differences
Definition
many of the alkaline earth salts are not water soluble
Term
Mg(OH)2
Definition
milk of magnesia. treats constipation
Term
MgSO4
Definition
Epsom salts. pharmaceutical
Term
CaO
Definition
quicklime, which reacts with water to give
slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). This is an inexpensive base that is used for agriculture
Term
concrete
Definition
(gravel plus Portland cement). Portland cement is pellets of CaO mixed with gypsum, CaSO4-2H2O.
Term
Boron is mined as
Definition
Na2B4O7•xH2O (x=10)
Term
Pure B can be used for
Definition
the production of stiff, light fibers that are used in plastics
Term
BF3 BCl3
Definition
(boron trihalide) is an industrial catalyst, acts as a Lewis acid
Term
NaBH4
Definition
(sodium borohydride) is an important reducing agent
Term
Aluminum comes from
Definition
bauxite (Al2O3•xH2O)
Term
Hall process
Definition
electrolization of bauxite in the Hall process (1886) to give pure Al. Key to the Hall process is use of an alumina(Al2O3)/cryolite(Na3AlF6) mixture which gives a melt at 950°C rather than pure alumina (2050°)
for the electrolysis.
Term
Al2O3
Definition
(alumina) has several crystal forms: alpha-Al2O3 is corundum, which shows up in sandpaper gamma-Al2O3 is used is chromatography for adsorption
Term
AlCl3 ·6H2O
Definition
is used as a deodorant and antiperspirant (kills bacteria)
Term
Forms of pure C
Definition
-Graphite (most stable, sp2 sheets)
-Graphene (single sheet)
-Diamond (tetrahedral, sp3)
-Fullerenes C60
-Nanotube
Term
CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2
Definition
(carbon tet, chloroform, methylene chloride) important solvents
Term
CF4
Definition
Refrigerant
Term
CBr4
Definition
fire extinguishing material
Term
SiC
Definition
(silicon carbide or carborundum) is used as an abrasive
Term
Silicon: Can be made from
Definition
SiO2 (sand) by reaction with graphite in an electric arc furnace
Term
By using ? it is possible to produce ultrapure Si
Definition
zone refining
Term
Forms of silicon
Definition
1. Silica (SiO2) used in making glass, ceramics
2. Silica gel (hydrated SiO2) used from chromatography media, and as a drying agent.
3. Aluminosilicates (replace Si4+ by some amount of Al3+ in silica). This has many forms, such as mica, feldspar, cements (after roasting with lime),
4. Silicone (-O-Si-O-Si-) used as lubricants and for waterproofing.
Term
Silicon applications
Definition
1. Field effect transistors (discovered at Bells labs by Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley)
2. Solar cells (discovered at Bell labs by Pearson, Chapin, Fuller)
Term
Germanium
Definition
is a semiconductor similar to Si, but much less important (although the first transistors were Ge)
Term
Tin
Definition
Tin: produced from SnO2 by reaction with C. Used in tin cans
Term
Lead
Definition
produced from PbS (galena) by oxidation, then reaction with C. Used on pipes, glazes, paint in the past, but now phased out because of toxicity. Significant uses now are in X-rays and lead-acid batteries
Term
Nitrogen
Definition
Pure nitrogen is made by liquifying air, followed by fractional distillation. Its boiling temp is -196 °C, while oxygen (-183 °C) and argon (-186 °C) boil off.

Nitrogen has an oxidation number that ranges from +5 (in nitrates) to -3 (NH3 and nitrides).
N2 is a very stable substance (due to the triple bond) but nitrogen is also essential for life, and it is also actively involved in many chemical processes, so special procedures are necessary for fixing nitrogen.
Term
Industrial process to make ammonia is..
Definition
the Haber process, and it involves the reaction N2 + 3H2 ->3NH3 (performed at high temperature and pressure and with an iron catalyst).This produces 1.6 x 1010 kg of ammonia each year, and the ammonia that is produced is used in fertilizer, polymers, explosives and many other applications.
Term
Important nitrogen compounds
Definition
1. NH3 (of course)
2. NH4NO3 explosive and fertilizer
3. NaN3 (sodium azide) This decomposes into Na and N2 when shocked. Used in air bags.
4. NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), NO (nitric oxide), N2O (nitrous oxide) These oxides of nitrogen show up in many places in modern life. NO2 is a component of smog, NO is used in biology for signaling, N2O is an anesthetic.
6. HNO3 (nitric acid), HNO2 (nitrous acid), HNO (hyponitrous acid) HNO3 is a strong acid that is used in making fertilizer. HNO2 is used in making nitrites (preservative)
Term
Phosphorous made from
Definition
Ca3(PO4)2 by heating with C and sand
Term
The stable form of P is
Definition
P4 (white phosphorous) ignites spontaneously in air. This changes into red phosphorous (chains of linked P4 tetrahedra) when heated in the absence of air. red phosphorous is less reactive, but still can be used in the striking surfaces in matchbooks.
Term
Phosphorous compounds
Definition
1. PH3 (phosphine) poisonous gas used in organic chemistry
2. PCl3 and PCl5 used in the synthesis of pesticides, oil additives, flame retardants. 3. H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) used in soft drinks, detergents.
4. Superphosphate (fertilizer) is a mixture of CaSO4 and Ca(H2PO4)2
Term
The most important use of As
Definition
GaAs lasers for CD players. Similarly InSb is another laser system. GaAs is also used in electronics applications as an alternative to Si
Term
Oxygen produced by
Definition
fractional distillation of liquid air. Primarily used in steel manufacturing
Term
The other form of On is ozone
Definition
O3. This is important in the stratosphere, being produced by photodissociation of O2 (O2 ->O + O followed by O + O2 -> O3), and serving to remove near UV light from solar radiation.
Term
Pure sulfur is
Definition
S8, and it occurs in both monoclinic and rhombic forms
Term
Important sulfur compounds include:
Definition
1. H2S
2. SO2, SO3
3. H2SO3, H2SO4 (the most heavily produced chemical - 4x1010 kg - in USA), used in production of fertilizer, petrochemicals, dyes, detergents.
Term
Fluorine produced by
Definition
electrolysis of KF. It is a colorless gas (F2) that is highly reactive.
Term
CaF2 is an essential component of
Definition
bone, including teeth. Not as soluble as chlorides
Term
Compounds include:
Definition
1. SF6
2. UF6 (used for making nuclear reactor fuel)
3. HF the only weak acid of the hydrogen halides, used for etching of electronic components in the electronics industry.
Term
Chlorine manufactured from
Definition
electrolysis of NaCl
Term
Cl2 is
Definition
a pale yellow-green gas, used as an oxidizing agent. Chlorine can have oxidation numbers from -1
to +7.
Term
Compounds include:
Definition
1. HCl (hydrochloric or muriatic acid) HCl is stomach acid.
2. HClO4 perchloric acid (rocket fuel)
HClO3 chloric acid,
HClO2 chlorous acid,
HClO (hypochlorous acid) active ingredient in Chlorox
CCl3 industrial solvent
Term
CCl4
Definition
Chlorinated polymers (PVC)
Term
Bromine produced from
Definition
chlorine via 2Br- + Cl2 -> Br2 + 2Cl- (red-brown liquid)
Term
Important compounds
Definition
1. HBr
2. Same acids as with Cl.
(Used to make fire retardants)
Term
Iodine produced from
Definition
2I- + Cl2 -> I2 + 2Cl- I2 is a black solid with a purple vapor.
It is also used in organic chemistry. It is essential for life (thyroid)
Term
Important compounds:
Definition
1. HI (used for organic iodides)
2. Same acids as with Cl.
Term
Says that the ability of an element to be oxidized is ordered as follows
Definition
Electromotive Series
Term
Rare gasses
Definition
All monoatomic.

All produced by fractional distillation except He and Rn

He comes from natural gas wells in Texas

Rn is found naturally in the ground as a result of radioactive processes
Term
Helium is used for
Definition
cryogenics, for blimps, for He-Ne lasers.
Term
Neon, krypton, xenon are used for
Definition
lighting.
Term
Argon is used for
Definition
welding in inert atmospheres.
Term
Krypton and xenon are used
Definition
to make excimer lasers (shortest wavelength commercially available lasers)
Term
Colloid :
Definition
particles (1 nm to 1) suspended in a solvent
Term
Aerosol
Definition
Solid in gas (smoke)
Liquid in gas (fog)
Term
Sol/gel
Definition
Sol: Solid in liquid (behaves like liquid) nanoparticles in solution

Gel: Solid in liquid (behaves like solid) hairproducts
Term
Emultion/Solid emultion
Definition
emultion: liquid in liquid (salad dressing/mayo)

solid emultion: liquid in solid (ice cream)
Term
foam/solid foam
Definition
foam: gas in liquid (shaving cream)
solid foam: gas in solid (insulation)
Term
Lanthanide Contraction
Definition
Electrons move faster closer to nucleus due to stronger coulombic interaction between electrons/nucleus. Faster moving objects (fractions of speed of light) have more mass due to relativity…move closer to nucleus

Radius for Period 6 much smaller than expected for Period 6

More stable (reactivity decreases)
Term
Stereo isomers
Definition
arise when atoms are permuted in a complex but all the bonds are the same. Possibilities are geometrical isomers and optical isomers. Geometrical isomers arise when the molecule is superimposable on its mirror image. Optical isomers are compounds that are mirror images.
Term
OH2
Definition
aqua
Term
NH3
Definition
ammine
Term
NO
Definition
nitrosyl
Term
CO
Definition
carbonyl
Term
(en)
Definition
ethylene diamine (K2)
Term
(dien)
Definition
diethylene triamine (K3)
Term
(ox)
Definition
oxalato (K2)
Term
(EDTA)
Definition
K6
Term
Scandium
Definition
chemistry is similar to Al, with +3 oxidation number. Not useful as a metal because it reacts with water. However it is used as an alloy to strengthen Al.
Term
Titanium
Definition
+4 oxidation number is dominant in compounds. Ti metal is used in aircraft (light weight). TiO2 (rutile) is white paint, also an important semiconductor, and as a photocatalyst (splitting water). BaTiO3 is piezoelectric (distorts shape when charged).
Term
Vanadium
Definition
+5 oxidation number. V is used as an alloy in steel. V2O5 is an oxidant, used as a catalyst in H2SO4 production.
Term
Chromium
Definition
+3, +6 oxidation numbers. It is the red color of ruby in Al2O3. +3 state is essential for life (required for insulin to work, although the mechanism and the connection with diabetes is not known). Chromium is available in foods (certain meats, mushrooms, wheat germ, broccoli) and it is available is dietary supplements. +6 state is carcinogenic when airborne. This was featured in “Erin Brokovitz”. Cr metal used in steel (stainless is 12% Cr in Fe), and for plating. CrO2 is a ferromagnetic material used in tapes. Na2Cr2O7 is an oxidizing agent.
Term
Manganese
Definition
+2, +4, +7 oxidation numbers. Responsible for the color of amethyst. Used as a strengthening alloy in steel. MnO2 is key component of batteries. KMnO4 is an oxidizing agent.
Term
Iron
Definition
+2, +3 oxidation numbers. 5.6% of the earth’s crust. 3g in the body, mostly as hemoglobin. Used in steel.
Term
Cobalt
Definition
+2, +3 oxidation numbers. Present in vitamin B12. Used in steel. Magnets contain Fe, Ni, Co, Al.
Term
Nickel
Definition
+2, +3 oxidation numbers. Alloy in steel. Nickels are 75% Cu (because Ni is relatively rare).
Term
Copper
Definition
+1, +2 oxidation numbers. 0.0007% of earth’s crust. Cu replaces Fe for oxygen transport in some animals. Used in bronze (10% Sn, 5% Pb, 85% Cu), brass (<40% Zn, >60% Cu), pennies.
Term
Zinc
Definition
+2 oxidation number. 0.007% of earth’s crust. Present in many enzymes. Galvanized metal is zinc coated. Used in batteries.
Term
Steel manufacturing
Definition
The important part involves the reduction of iron ore (Fe2O3 and FeO) to Fe by CO.

Limestone is added to convert impurities (silicates, aluminosilicates) into a molten mixture called slag that can be removed.
The iron that is made in a blast furnace is called pig iron. This has high carbon content, which makes the iron brittle.
To convert this into steel, the carbon is oxidized by adding oxygen and limestone, and then metals (Co, Ni, Mo, Mn, etc) are added.
Term
Iron in biology
Definition
Hemoglobin, myoglobin (oxygen transport)

Oxygen binds to heme group to complete octahedron
Term
Copper in biology
Definition
oxygen transport in octopus (hemocyanin)
Term
Zinc in biology
Definition
carbonic anhydrase (hydrolyze CO2 to make HCO3-), carboxypeptidase (hydrolyzes peptides in digestion), alcohol dehydrogenase (converts alcohol to aldehyde)
Term
Molybdenum in biology
Definition
nitrogenase is a Fe/Mo protein (nitrogen fixation)
This is part of the nitrogenase complex that also includes reductase (an Fe protein)

N2 +8e- +16ATP+16H2O
Term
gadolinium in biology
Definition
magnetic resonance contrast agent (high spin)
Term
Nickel in biology
Definition
urease, hydrogenase
Term
Cobalt in biology
Definition
Vitamin B12. This compound contains the only C-Co bond in biology
Term
Alkali metals made by
Definition
Down's process: NaCl -> Na + Cl2
Term
t
Definition
Term
Col 1 + O2
Definition
Li/Na/K form oxides -> M2O
Na w/ excess O2 form peroxides-> M2O2
Rb/Cs/Fr form superoxides -> MO2
Term
Col 1 + H2O
Definition
M + H20 -> MOH + H2
reactivity increases as movement down column
Term
Col 1 + H2
Definition
Form hydrides, MH...metal hydrides in water leave metal hydroxides, hydrogen bubbles out
Term
Col 2 + O2
Definition
form oxides -> MO
Not Be
Term
Col 2 + H2O
Definition
Form metal hydroxides -> M(OH)2
Not Be
Term
Col 2 + H2
Definition
Form metal hydroxides, MH2
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