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| Physical vs Chemical properties |
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Definition
| Physical properties are properties of an element or compound that can be observed without a chemical reaction of the substance. While chemical properties are properties of an element or compound in chemical reactions. |
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| Different Compounds with the same molecular formula. |
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| Isomers that have their atoms arranged different, thus having different structures. |
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| Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of the atoms in space. (geometric and that sugar one?) |
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| A different arrangement of atoms in space around a fixed geometry such as a double bond or ring. Oriented differently in space with respect to a fixed geometry. |
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| In chemistry, recrystallization is a procedure for purifying compounds. Typically, the mixture of "compound A" and "impurity B" are dissolved in the smallest amount of solvent to fully dissolve the mixture, thus making a saturated solution. Normally the solvent is warmed before use, increasing solubility. The solution is then allowed to cool. As the solution cools the solubility of compounds in solution drops. This results in the desired compound dropping (recrystallizing) from solution. The slower the rate of cooling, the bigger the crystals formed. Mixture must be soluble at a higher temperature and insoluble at a lower temp. Additionally they are separated based on different solubilities. The impurities are soluble at all temperatures and will remain in the solvent. |
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| Amount of purified Product/ Amount of unpurified Reactant * 100 |
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| The more pure a substance the narrower the melting point range. Besides broadening melting point range impurities also lower the melting point a few degrees because the cyrstal lattice is not a strong. |
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| a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities (boiling points) in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction. |
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| Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) |
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Definition
| A technique that relies on separating two or more compounds based on the way the distribute between two phases. In this case a solid polar phase (hydrated silica gel) and a liquid non-polar phase (hydrocarbon solution). compounds separate because they have different affinities for the two phases. polar molecules move slowly, non-polar molecules rapidly. |
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Definition
| distance traveled by substance/distance traveled by solvent front. Larger values move higher up the plate, smaller values move less. |
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| LeChatelier’s Principle |
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Definition
| If a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or partial pressure, then the equilibrium shifts to counteract the imposed change and a new equilibrium is established. In reversible reactions removing the product will force a reaction to completion. |
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| Experiment Mass/ Theoretical Mass * 100 |
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| Stiochiometry conversions |
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Definition
| X ml to grams with density. X grams to moles with molar mass. moles of X to moles of Y with a balanced chemical reaction. Moles of Y to grams of Y using molar mass. |
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| Know addition of Bromine to Alkene reaction |
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Definition
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| Know the dehydration of alcohol to an alkene |
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Definition
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| Know how esters are formed |
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Definition
| acid and alcohol condensation reaction & LOOK IN FLASHCARDS |
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| Know how amides are formed |
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Definition
| Condensation of acid and amine. & LOOK IN FLASHCARDS |
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| How can you detect the presence of a phenol group? |
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Definition
| Addition of FeCl3 (ferric chloride) will result in a colored complex if a phenol is present. red, green, blue or purple. |
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Term
| How can you detect the presence of an alkene? |
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Definition
| Bromine test will pop the double bonds and incorporate bromine rapidly decolorizing the Br2. (DRAW REACTION) |
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Term
| How can you detect the presence of a carbonyl group (ketone or aldehyde)? |
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Definition
| mix with 2,4-DNP reagent. If there is a orange-red precipitate then the carbon contains a carbonyl group. |
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| How can you detect the presence of an aldehyde? |
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Definition
| Tollen's test using silver nitrate solution. formation of a mirror means the carbonyl group is an aldehyde. If no mirror is formed it is a ketone.(DRAW REACTION) |
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| How can you detect the presence of an alcohol? |
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Definition
| Chromic Acid if the orange reagent turns green it is a primary or secondary alcohol. A tertiary alchohol must not react to this or the bromine test.(DRAW REACTION) |
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| How can you detect the presence of a long-chained amine? |
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Definition
| Solubility in 5% hydrochloric acid indicates a high molecular weight amine. (DRAW REACTION) |
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| How can you detect the presence of a long-chained carboxylic acid |
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Definition
| solubility in 5% Sodium Hydroxide indicates a high molecular weight carboxylic acid. (DRAW REACTION) |
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| Testing low weight molecular compounds |
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Definition
| They will be soluble in water. Red litmus means acid. Blue litmus means base. no color means it's a low weight neutral compound. |
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| Addition Polymerization Reaction |
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Definition
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| Condensation Polymerization Reaction |
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Definition
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| When you mix soap into the water the soap molecules arrange themselves into tiny clusters (called 'micelles'). The water-loving (hydrophilic) part of the soap molecules points outwards, forming the outer surface of the micelle. The oil-loving (hydrophobic) parts group together on the inside, where they don't come into contact with the water at all. Micelles can trap fats in the center. |
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