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Chem 1211 chap 1-2
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70
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
01/29/2012

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Term
Chemistry
Definition
is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the changes, which it under goes
Term
Matter
Definition
is anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
Chemical
Definition
a type of matter, that always has the same composition and properties wherever it is found
Term
Elements, Atoms
Definition
Matter is composed of _________, which is composed of _______
Term
A Chemical Reaction
Definition
One substance changes to another by reorganizing the way the atoms are attached to eachother
Term

1. Observations (collecting data)

2. A Prediction (formulating a hypothesis

3. Performing experiments

Definition
3 Fundamental elements of the Scientific Method
Term
Qualitative
Definition
Some observations that are simple descriptions about the characteristics or behavior
Term
Quantitative
Definition
Some oberservations involve both number and units (measurements)
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a possible interpretation or explanation for an observation
Term
Law
Definition
Summarized what happens
Term
Theory (Model)
Definition
An attempt to explain why it happens, Set of tested hypotheses that vgives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon
Term
A Scientific Law
Definition
  • Describes how nature behaves
  • Summary of oberservations that combines all past observations into one general statement
  • Allows you to predict future observations
Term
how and why
Definition
The Scientific Method is used to create laws and theories that help explain ___________ the world behaves the way it does.
Term
1 cm 3 = 1 cc
Definition
1 mL =
Term
103 m = 1 km
Definition

kilo = 1000 

What is the Scientific Notation?

Term

0.1 or 10-1

1 dL = 10 -1

1 L = 10 dL

Definition
deci (d) = 
Term

0.01 or 10-2

1 cm = 10 -2

1 m = 100 cm

Definition
centi (c)
Term

0.001 or 10 -3

1 ms = 10 -3 s

1 s = 103 or 1000 ms

Definition
milli (m) = 
Term

0.000 001 or 10 -6

1 μg = 10-6 g

1 g = 106 μg

Definition
micro (μ) = 
Term

kg

m

L or m3

s

K for chemistry or °C

Definition

The Fundamental SI Units

Mass

Length

Volume

Time

Temperature

Term
Accuracy
Definition
How close a measurement comes to the real or "true" value
Term
Precision
Definition

Reproducibility of a measurement

How closely measureents agree with one another

Term

2

3

4

Definition

How many sig figs are in

50. L

25.0 °C

16.00 g

Term

2

3

Definition

How many sig figs are in

4.0 x 105 m

5.70 x 10-3 g

Term

1

2

Definition

How many sig figs are in

0.0004 lb

0.075 m

Term
Measured, Exact
Definition
Only ________ numbers take into account sig figs. _______ numbers are ignored when considering sig figs.
Term
multiplying or dividing
Definition
When ________ or _________ you should have the same number of sig figs in the answer as the measurement with the fewest sig figs.
Term
adding or subtracting
Definition
When ______ or _______ you should have the same number of decimal places in the result as the measurement with the fewest decimal places
Term
TK = TC + 273.15
Definition
Formula to convert °C to K
Term
TC = TK - 273.15
Definition
Formula to convert K to °C
Term

TC = (TF - 32 °F) . 5 °C

                              9 °F

Definition
Formula to convert °F to °C
Term

T= TC . 9°F + 32°F

   5°C

Definition
Formula to convert °C to °F
Term
1.0 g/mL
Definition
The Density of water 4 °C = 
Term
Solids
Definition

a definite shape and vol.

particles packed together in fixed arrangement

particles that move very slowly

Term
Liquids
Definition

a indefinite shape, definite vol.

same shape as container

particles that are close together, but have ability to move around slowly

Term
Gases
Definition

an indefinite shape and vol.

same shape and vol. as container

particles that are far apart and move very fast

 

Term
Pure Substance
Definition
A ______, classified as matter with a specific composition, an element when composed of one type of atom, a compound when composed of two or more elements combined in a definite ratio
Term
mixture
Definition

A ________ is matter that consists of

  • two or more substances that are physically mixed not chemically combined
  • two or more substances in diff. proportions
  • substances that can be separated by physical methods
Term
Homogeneous Mixture
Definition
  • A mixture that 
  • the composition is uniform throughout
  • the diff. parts of the mixture are not visible
Term
Heterogeneous Mixture
Definition
  • A mixture that 
  • the composition is not uniform; it varies from one part of the mixture to another
  • the diff parts of the mixture are visible
Term
Physical Properties
Definition

A characteristic of the substance such as color, shape, odor, luster, size, melting point, and density

-directly observable

Term
Chemical properties
Definition

A characteristic that indicates the ability of a substance to form another substance

- paper can burn, iron can rust, and silver can tarnish

Term
Physical Change
Definition
A change in a physical property that retains the identity of the substance: a change of state, size, or shape
Term
Chemical Change
Definition
A change in which the original substance is converted to one or more new substances: paper burns, iron rusts, silver tarnishes
Term

Law of Conservation of Mass

Antoine Lavoisier 1743-1794

Definition

In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed

total mass of reactants = total mass of products

Term

Law of Definite Proportions

Joseph Proust (1754-1826)

Definition
All samples of a given compound, regardless of their source or how they were prepared, have the same proportions of their constituent elements
Term

Law of Multiple Proportions

John Dalton

Definition

When 2 elements form two diff compounds can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers

A3B4

Term
JJ Thomson Experiment (1898-1903)
Definition
Which experiment postulated the existence of electrons using cathode-ray tubes. Early experiments showed that the atom composed of only - charged particles but overall charge on atoms neutral
Term
Ernest Rutherford gold-foil experiment
Definition

In ________ experiment, + charged particles

  • were aimed at atoms of gold
  • mostly went straight through the atoms
  • some were deflected only occasionally 
  • PROTONS
Term
Protons
Definition
 In the nucleus, positive charge (+1),  mass of 1 am
Term
Neutrons
Definition
 In the nucleus, no charge, mass of 1 am
Term
Electrons
Definition

Outside of the nucleus, negative charge (-1), mass of 1/2000 amu (basically 

zero)

Term
Protons
Definition
atomic number = the # of 
Term
Protons, Neutrons
Definition
Mass Number = # of ___ + # of ____
Term
Alkali metals
Definition
Group 1A(1): 
Term
Alkaline earth metal
Definition
 Group 2A(2): 
Term
Chalcogens
Definition
 Group 6A (16): 
Term
Halogens
Definition
 Group 7A (17): 
Term
Noble gases
Definition
 Group 8A (18): 
Term
Transition Elements
Definition
 Group 1B-8B (3-12): 
Term
 Lanthanides
Definition
Elements 58-71: 
Term
Isotopes
Definition

are identified by their mass numbers

have diff number of neutrons

Term

Bottom # = atomic number = # protons #electrons

Top # = mass number = # protons + # neutrons

Definition
[image]
Term
Ionic Bonds
Definition

Metals atoms bonded to Non Metals atoms

electrons have been transferred between atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions

 

Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition

two atoms share some of their electrons

- generally found when nonmetal atoms bonded together

Term
Periodic Law
Definition
Mendeleev (1st Periodic Table) _________ - When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, certain sets of properties recur periodically
Term
Metals
Definition

solid at room temp. except Hg

reflective surface - shiny

conduct heat

conduct electricity

malleable - can be shaped

ductile - drawn or pulled into wires

lose electrons and form cations in reactions

Term
Nonmetals
Definition

found in all three states

poor conductors of heat and electricity

Solids are brittle

gain electrons in reactions to become anions

upper right on the table except H

 

Term
Metalloids
Definition

show some properties of metals and some of nonmetals

also known as semiconductors

Term

Form 2 or more positive ions.

 

Zn2+, Ag+, Cd2+

Definition

Most transition metals and Group 4 metals

with the exception of _________ 

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