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Chem 1127 - Final Exam
N/A
177
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2013

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Term
Wavelength
Definition
the distance between 2 consecutive crests or troughs often measured in meters or nanometers
Term
crest
Definition
rise above midline
Term
trough
Definition
sink below midline
Term
frequency
Definition
the number of wave cycles that pass a given point in unit time often measured in hertz
Term
wave cycles
Definition
successive crests or troughs
Term
λ
Definition
wavelength
Term
v
Definition
frequency
Term
c
Definition
speed of light
Term
speed of light
Definition
2.998E8 m/s
Term
light visible to the eye
Definition
400-700nm
Term
photons
Definition
stream of particles that generates light
Term
unit of energy
Definition
joule (J)
Term
E
Definition
hv
Term
energy
Definition
inversely related to wavelength
Term
h
Definition
planck's constant
Term
1nm
Definition
10^-9m
Term
h
Definition
6.626E-34Js
Term
1kj
Definition
10^3J
Term
En
Definition
enery of the electron
Term
-Rh
Definition
2.180E-18J
Term
n^2
Definition
the principle quantum number
Term
the point at which the proton and electron are completely separated
Definition
zero
Term
ground state
Definition
lowest energy state for which n=1
Term
excited state
Definition
when an electron absorbs enough energy it moves to this
Term
hv
Definition
enery of the photon
Term
v=RH/h [1/(nlo)^2 - 1/(nhi)^2]
Definition
used to find the frequency or wavelength of any of the lines in the H spectrum
Term
kinetic energy of an electron
Definition
inversely related to the volume of the region to which it is confined
Term
orbital
Definition
probability is independent of direction
Term
quantum numbers
Definition
n, l, m(under)l
Term
Ψ
Definition
wave function
Term
from Ψ
Definition
we can deduce the relative energy of that orbital, its shape, and orientation in space
Term
principle energy levels
Definition
primary importance in determining the energy of an electron
Term
energy of H atom
Definition
depends only on n
Term
as n increases
Definition
the energy of the electron increases and on average is found farther out from nucleus
Term
sublevels of second quantum number
Definition
s, p, d, f
Term
second quantum number
Definition
l
Term
l determines
Definition
general shape of electron cloud associated with an electron
Term
larger values of l =
Definition
more complex shapes
Term
if n=1
Definition
l has to be 0
Term
in the nth principal level
Definition
there are n levels
Term
for atoms containing more than one electron
Definition
the energy is dependent on l and n
Term
orbitals
Definition
differ from one another in the value assigned to the third quantum number, m(under)l
Term
m(under)l
Definition
determines the direction in space of the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus
Term
all orbitals in a given d or f sublevel
Definition
have the same energy
Term
electron spin
Definition
associated with the fourth quantum number, m(under)s
Term
m(under)s
Definition
not related to n, l, or m(under)l
Term
parallel spins
Definition
electrons that have the same value of m(under)s (i.e. both +1/2 or both -1/2)
Term
opposed spins
Definition
electrons that have different m(under)s values (i.e. one +1/2 and one -1/2)
Term
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Definition
requires that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
Term
capacity for electrons in an s sublevel
Definition
2e-
Term
capacity for electrons in a p sublevel
Definition
6e-
Term

capacity for electrons in a f sublevel

Definition
14e-
Term
total capacity for electrons in the fourth principal level
Definition
32e-
Term
s sublevel
Definition
spherical
Term
p sublevel
Definition
two lobes along an axis
Term
electron configuration
Definition
shows the number of electrons indicated by a superscript in each sublevel
Term
electrons enter the available sublevels
Definition
in order of increasing sublevel energy
Term
orbital diagrams
Definition
shows how electrons are distributed among orbitals
Term
Hund's Rule
Definition
when several orbitals of equal energy are available, as in a given sublevel, electrons enter singly with parallel spins
Term
paramagnetic
Definition
if there are unpaired electrons present, the solid will be attracted into the field
Term
diamagnetic
Definition
if the atoms in the solid contain only paired electrons, it is slightly repelled by the field
Term
when a monatomic ion is formed from an atom
Definition
electrons are added to or removed from sublevels in the highest principal energy level
Term
isoelectronic
Definition
having the same electron configuration
Term
all transition metals form cations by
Definition
loss of outer s electrons
Term
atomic radii decreases
Definition
left to right
Term
atomic radii increases
Definition
up to down
Term
ionization energy
Definition
a measure of how difficult it is to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
Term
to bring about ionization, energy must be
Definition
absorbed
Term
ionization energies are always
Definition
positive quantities
Term
ionization energy increases
Definition
across the periodic table from left to right
Term
ionization energy decreases
Definition
moving down the periodic table
Term
electronegativity
Definition
measures the ability of an atom to attract to itself the electron pair forming a covalent bond
Term
the greater the electronegativity of an atom
Definition
the greater its attraction for electrons
Term
electronegativity increases
Definition
moving from left to right across the periodic table
Term
electronegativity decreases
Definition
moving down a group in the periodic table
Term
valence electrons
Definition
outermost principal energy level
Term
core electrongs
Definition
fill the principal level n=1
Term
covalent bond
Definition
a pair of electrons shared between two atoms
Term
lone pair
Definition
an unshared pair of electrons, owned entirely by one atom
Term
single bond
Definition
a single electron pair shared between two bonded atoms
Term
octet rule
Definition
nonmetals, except for H, achieve a noble-gas structure by sharing in an octet of electrons
Term
resonance hybrid
Definition
the actual structure as an intermediate between the two resonant forms
Term
formal charge
Definition
the difference between the number of VE in the free atom and the number assigned to that atom in the Lewis structure
Term
free radicals
Definition
molecules containing an odd number of VE
Term
molecular geometry can be predicted on the basis of
Definition
electron-pair repulsion
Term
VSEPR model
Definition
the VE pairs surrounding an atom repel one another so orbitals containing those electron pairs are oriented to be as far apart as possible
Term
trigonal planar
Definition
120
Term
tetrahedron
Definition
109.5 AX4
Term
trigonal bipyramid
Definition
AX5
Term
octahedral
Definition
AX6
Term
polar
Definition
as a result of an unsymmetrical distribution of electrons, the bond or molecule contains a positive and a negative pole
Term
dipole
Definition
contains a positive and a negative pole
Term
nonpolar
Definition
a symmetrical distribution of electrons leads to a bond or molecule with no positive or negative poles
Term
nonpolar bonds
Definition
formed whenever the two atoms joined are identical
Term
polar bonds
Definition
bonds in which the electron density is unsymmetrical
Term
matter
Definition
anything that has mass and occupies space
Term
the three phases of matter
Definition
Term
solid
Definition
fixed shape and volume
Term
liquid
Definition
fixed volume but is not rigid in shape
Term
gas
Definition
has neither a fixed volume nor shape
Term
pure substances
Definition
fixed composition and a unique set of properties
Term
mixtures
Definition
composed of two or more substances
Term
element
Definition
a type of matter that cannot be broken down into two or more pure substances
Term
compound
Definition
a pure substance that contains more than one element
Term
electrolysis
Definition
involves passing an electric current through a compound, usually in the liquid state
Term
mixture
Definition
contains two or more substances combined in such a way that each substance retains its chemical identity
Term
homogeneous
Definition
or uniform mixtures are ones in which the composition is the same throughout (aka solution)
Term
solution
Definition
made up of a solvent, usually taken to be the substance present in largest amount, and one or more solutes
Term
heterogeneous
Definition
or nonuniform mixtures are those in which the composition varies throughout
Term
filtration
Definition
used to separate a heterogeneous solid-liquid mixture
Term
distillation
Definition
used to resolve a homogeneous solid-liquid mixture
Term
mega
Definition
10^6
Term
kilo
Definition
10^3
Term
deci
Definition
10^-1
Term
centi
Definition
10^-2
Term
milli
Definition
10^-3
Term
micro
Definition
10^-6
Term
nano
Definition
10^-9
Term
pico
Definition
10^-12
Term
mass
Definition
a measure of the amount of matter in an object
Term
weight
Definition
a measure of the gravitational force acting on an object
Term
temperature
Definition
the factor that determines the direction of heat flow
Term
significant figures
Definition
the meaningful digits obtained in a measurement
Term
1 km
Definition
10^3m
Term
1cm
Definition
10^-2m
Term
1mm
Definition
10^-3m
Term
1nm
Definition
10^-9m
Term
1m^3
Definition
10^6cm^3
Term
1cm^3
Definition
1mL
Term
10^-3L
Definition
1cm^3
Term
1kg
Definition
10^3g
Term
1mg
Definition
10^-3g
Term
1 mile
Definition
5280ft
Term
intensive
Definition
independent of amount
Term
extensive
Definition
depend on amount
Term
chemical properties
Definition
observed when the substance takes part in a chemical reaction
Term
physical properties
Definition
observed without changing the chemical identity of a substance
Term
melting point
Definition
the temperature at which a substance changes from the solid to liquid state
Term
boiling point
Definition
the temperature at which bubbles filled with vapor form within a liquid
Term
Z
Definition
atomic number
Term
A
Definition
mass number
Term
atomic number
Definition
number of protons
Term
mass number
Definition
number of prootons +number of neutrons
Term
theoretical yield
Definition
the maximum quanityt that can be obtained under such conditions, assuming the reaction goes to completion and no product is lost
Term
simplest formula
Definition
gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present
Term
percent composition
Definition
the mass percents of the elements present
Term
strong electrolytes
Definition
the solution conducts an electric current
Term
nonelectrolytes
Definition
the solution does not conduct electricity
Term
polyatomic ion
Definition
containing more than one atom
Term
"charged molecule"
Definition
polyatomic ion
Term
monatomic ion
Definition
derived from a single atom by the loss or gain of electrons
Term
metals
Definition
have high electrical conductivities
Term
metalloids
Definition
have electrical conductivities that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals
Term
molecular formulas
Definition
represents molecular substances
Term
structural formulas
Definition
represent the structures of molecules
Term
condensed structural formula
Definition
suggests the bonding pattern in the molecule and highlights the presence of a reactive group of atoms within a molecule
Term
atomic mass
Definition
atomic weight
Term
nuclear symbol
Definition
shows the composition of a nucleus
Term
acid
Definition
a species that produces H+ ions in water solutions
Term
base
Definition
a species that produces OH- ions in water solution
Term
strong acids
Definition
ionize completely, forming H+ ions and anions
Term
strong base
Definition
is completely ionized to OH- ions and cations in water solution
Term
weak acid
Definition
molecules containing an ionizable hydrogen atom (i.e. only partially ionized to H+ ions in water)
Term
weak bases
Definition
react with H20 molecules, acquiring H+ ions and leaving OH- ions behind
Term
amines
Definition
derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by hydrocarbon groups
Term
a common class of weak bases of the organic molecules
Definition
amines
Term
strong acids and bases
Definition
are completely ionized in water
Term
weak acids and bases
Definition
do not react completely
Term
neutralization
Definition
when the H+ ions and OH- ions react with eachother to form H20 molecules
Term
titration
Definition
measuring the volume of a standard solution required to react with a measured amount of sample
Term
standard solution
Definition
a solution of known concentration
Term
equivalence point
Definition
the point at which the reaction is complete
Term
redox reaction
Definition
a reaction in aqueous solution that involves a transfer of electrons between two species
Term
oxidation
Definition
an increase in oxidation number
Term
reduction
Definition
a decrease in oxidation number
Term
oxidizing agent
Definition
the ion or molecule that accepts electrons
Term
reducing agent
Definition
the species that donates electrons
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