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CHEM 111G
Chapter 1
91
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
12/05/2014

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Term
What is Chemistry?
Definition
Chemistry is the study of matter and its interactions
Term
What is Matter
Definition
A Substance that occupies space.
Term
The Scientific Method
Definition
Observation > Formulation of a Hypothesis > Experiments to test the Hypothesis. A Hypothesis can only be proven FALSE
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Educated guess
Tentative explanation for a set of observations.
We must try and prove it to be WRONG, and not to be RIGHT.
Term
Theory
Definition
Overarching model of reality
Concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions.
Lots experiments to help us understand what we are experimenting.
Term
Law
Definition
Generally accepted description of reality.
Term
Qualitative Data
Definition
General observations about the system
Term
Quantitative Data
Definition
Numerical measurement made describing the system
Term
Substance
Definition
Pure > Element, compound, and molecule
Term
Mixture: Homogeneous
Definition
More than one substance but each is distributed throughout the other in the matter in which I can’t go in and just separating them, isolating them.
Term
Mixture: Heterogeneous
Definition
Even though small, and same color, but can make the separation.
Term
Elements
Definition
Substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means (112-118 total elements)
Term
Measurement: Macroscopic
Definition
Measured directly
Term
Measurement: Microscopic
Definition
Measured Indirectly
Term
SI
Definition
International System of Unit. Internationally assigned units.
Term
Physical Property
Definition
Can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance
Term
Chemical Property
Definition
Observation requires a chemical change in the substance
Term
Chemical Property: Extensive Property
Definition
Depends on how much matter is considered. Mass, length, and volume.
Term
Chemical Property: Intensive Property
Definition
Independent of the amount of matter considered.
Term
Mass
Definition
Measurement of the amount of a substance
Term
Weight
Definition
Measurement of the force exerted on an object by gravity
Term
Length Cubed: Volume
Definition
Length * Width * Height = Volume
Term
Tera (?)
Giga (?)
Mega (?)
Kilo (?)
Definition
Tera (T)- 10^12 = 1,000,000,000,000
Giga (G)- 10^9 = 1,000,000,000
Mega (M)- 10^6 = 1,000,000
Kilo (k)- 10^3 = 1.000
Term
Deci (?)
Centi (?)
Milli (?)
Micro (?)
Nano (?)
Pico (?)
Femto (?)
Atto (?)
Zepo (?)
Definition
Deci (d)- 10^-1 = 1/10
Centi (c)- 10^-2 = 1/100
Milli (m)- 10^-3 = 1/1,000
Micro (µ)- 10^-6 = 1/1,000,000
Nano (n)- 10^-9 = 1/1,000,000,000
Pico (p)- 10^-12 = 1/1,000,000,000,000
Femto (f)- 10^-15
Atto (a)- 10^-18
Zepo (z)- 10^-21
Term
Density
Definition
Mass of an object or substance per unit volume occupied by that object or substance. Density = Mass/Volume
Term
Temperatures
Definition
Fahrenheit, oF
Calsius (or Centigrade), oC
Kelvin, K
Term
Temperatures: Equations
Definition
C= (F-32F)(5C/9F)
F= (9F/5C)(C)+32F
Term
Significant Figures
Definition
Designation of the meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity. (5.6 vs 5.65)
Term
Meniscus
Definition
The bottom of the lip of the fluid or matter. The floating point number.
Term
Significant Figures: Guidelines
Definition
1. Any nonzero digits are significant
2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
3. Zeros to the left of first nonzero digit are not significant
4. If number is >1, all zeros written to the right of the decimal point a significant.
5. For numbers not containing a decimal point, trailing zeros (zeros after the last nonzero digit) are not significant.
Term
Accuracy
Definition
How close a measurement is to the "true" value.
Term
Precision
Definition
How reproducible are the measurements.
Term
The Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
Definition
1. Identify the information giving regarding the problem
2. Identify the question being asked
3. Determine the units of each quantity pro6. vided
4. Determine the units of the quantity sought
5. Determine and use conversion factors to convert units of given information to units of requested quantity
6. Estimate the magnitude of the answer
7. Do the calculations
8. Determine if the calculated result is in agreement with estimated results (Does the answer “make sense”?)
Term
Solid
Definition
A for of matter that has a definite shape and volume.
Term
Liquid
Definition
A for of matter that occupies a definite volume but flows to assume the shape of its containers.
Term
Gas
Definition
A for of matter that has neither definite volume nor shape, and that expands to fill its containers also called vapor
Term
Atom
Definition
The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of the element
Term
Molecule
Definition
A collection of atoms chemically bonded together
Term
Chemical Bond
Definition
A force that holds two atoms in a molecule or a compound together.
Term
Sublimation
Definition
Transformation of a solid directly into a vapor (gas)
Term
Deposition
Definition
Transformation of a vapor (gas) directly into a solid
Term
Energy
Definition
The ability to work
Term
Work
Definition
The energy required to move an object through a given distance
Term
Heat
Definition
A flow of energy from one object or place to another due to differences in the temperatures of the objects or places.
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
The conversion of one or more substance into one or more different substances.
Term
Potential Energy (??)
Definition
FE: The energy stored in an object because of its position
Term
Kinetic Energy (??)
Definition
KE: the energy of an object in motion due to its mass (m) and its speed (u): KE = (1/2)*m*u^2
Term
Law of Conservation of Energy
Definition
the principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another
Term
Pure Substance
Definition
Matter that cannot be separated into simpler matter by a physical process.
Term
Physical Process
Definition
A transformation of a sample of matter, such as a change in its physical state, that does not alter the chemical identity of any substance.
Term
Element
Definition
A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by any chemical substance.
Term
Compounds (book)
Definition
A pure substance that is composed of two or more elements linked together in fixed proportions and that can be broken down into those elements by some chemical processes.
Term
Chemical Formula
Definition
A notation for representing the elemental composition of a pure substance using the symbols of the elements; subscripts indicate the relative number of atoms of each element in the substance.
Term
Law of Constant Composition
Definition
The principle that all samples of a particular compounds always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions.
Term
Mixture
Definition
A combination of pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their chemical identities and can be separated from one another by a physical process.
Term
Solution
Definition
Another name for a homogeneous mixture. Solutions are often liquids, but they may also be solids or gases.
Term
Immiscible Liquids
Definition
Combination of liquids that are incapable of mixing with, or dissolving in, each other.
Term
Distillation
Definition
A process using evaporation and condensation to separate a mixture of substances with different volatilities.
Term
Volatility
Definition
A measure of how readily a substance vaporizes.
Term
Filtration
Definition
A process for seperating solid particles from a liquid or gaseous sample by passing the sample through a porous material that retains the solid particles.
Term
Chromatography
Definition
A process involving stationary and mobile phases for separating a mixture of substances based on their different affinities for the two types of phases.
Term
Intensive Property
Definition
A property that is independent of the amount of substance present.
Term
Extensive Property
Definition
A property that varies with the amount of substance present
Term
Physical Property
Definition
A property of a substance the can be observed without changing the substance into another substance.
Term
Density
Definition
The ratio of the mass (m) of an object to its volume (V). d = m/V
Term
Chemical Property
Definition
A property of a substance that can be observed only by reacting the substance chemically to form another substance.
Term
Scientific Law
Definition
A concise and generally applicable statement of a fundamental scientific principle.
Term
Law of Definite Proportions
Definition
The principle that compounds always contain the same proportions of their component elements; equivalent to the law of constant composition
Term
Scientific Theory
Definition
A general explanation of widely observed phenomena that has been extensively tested.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
A tentative and testable explanation for an observation.
Term
Law of Multiple Proportions
Definition
The principle that, when two masses of one element react with a given masses of another to form two different compounds, the two masses of the first element have a ratio of two small whole numbers.
Term
Molecular Formula
Definition
A chemical formula that shows how many atoms of each element are in one molecule.
Term
Structural Formula
Definition
A representation of a molecule that uses short lines between the symbols of elements to show chemical bonds between atoms.
Term
Meter (?)
Definition
(M) The standard Greek unit of metron, which means measure; equivalent to 39.37 inches.
Term
Joule (?)
Definition
J: The SI unit of energy, equivalent to 1kg*(m/s)^2
Term
Kilogram (kg)
Meter (m)
Kelvin (K)
Second (s)
Ampere (A)
Mole (mol)
Definition
Mass
Length
Temperature
Time
Electric Current
Quntity of a Substance
Term
Mass
Definition
1kg = 2.205 pounds (lb); 1lb = 0.4536kg =453.6g
1g=0.03527 ounce (oz); 1oz = 28.35g
Term
Length (distance)
Definition
1m = 1.094 yards (yd); 1yd = 0.9144m (exactly)
1m = 39.37 inches (in); 1 foot (ft) = 0.3048m (exactly)
1in = 2.54cm (exactly)
1km = 0.6214 miles(mi); 1mi = 1.609km
Term
Volume
Definition
1m^3 = 35.31ft^3; 1ft^3 = 0.02832m^3
1m^3 = 1000 liters(L)(exactly)
1L = 0.2642gallon(gal); 1gal = 3.785L
1L = 1.057 quarts(qt); 1qt = 0.9464L
Term
Precision
Definition
The extent to which repeated measurements of the same variable agree
Term
Accuracy
Definition
Agreement between an experiment value and the true value.
Term
Significant Figure
Definition
All the certain digits in a measured value plus one estimated digit. The greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty with which the value is known.
Term
Conversion Factor
Definition
Fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator, but is expressed in different units, making the fraction equivalent to 1.

initial units * (desired units/initial units)
Term
Absolute Zero (O K)
Definition
Zero point on Kelvin temperature scale; theoretically the lowest temperature possible.
Term
Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion
Definition
C = (5/9)[(F)-32]
Term
Celsius to Kelvin
Definition
K = C + 273.15
Term
Extensive Property (dependent)
Definition
Depends on how much matter is considered. Mass, length, and volume
Term
Intensive Property (independent)
Definition
Independent of the amount of matter considered. Temperature and density
Term
Sig Figs (Addition and Subtraction)
Definition
Lowest number of Sig Figs after decimal for your answer
Term
Sig Figs (Multiplication and Division)
Definition
Answer has same number of sig figs as least sig fig number in equation.
Term
Sig Fig (Mixed)
Definition
Solve the problem with all known digits, and then use the Multiplication and Division rule.
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