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Chem 105 Final
Exams 1-5
111
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2011

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The best description of a hypothesis
Definition
It can be accepted or rejected but never proven true
Term
Someone who is searching for a better refrigerant is engaged in:
Definition
Basic research
Term
Imagine a scientist discovers a new compound with an unusual chemical structure in a plant cell. Based on very preliminary data, the scientist offers a tentative explanation for the purpose of the compound in cells. His explanation would be referred to as a:
Definition
Hypothesis
Term
How long does it take to bring the average drug to market?
Definition
12-14 years
Term

Lincoln Journal Star injury rate

 

5600 children fall out of windows; population was 280,000,000

 

What is the proper way to report this injury rate?

 

 

Definition
2 childhood window injuries per 100,000 people
Term

Cigarette law question

 

Using only the graph to right, what must have been the most compelling argument for adding the cancer warning?

Definition
There is a 25-35 year lag between cigarette sales and the incidence of lung cancer
Term
Which is not a physical property?
Definition
Flammability
Term

Electric Pickle Experiment:

 

Which of the following facts or hypotheses is the best explanation for this observation?

Definition
The sodium ions in the pickle became excited when they reacted with electrons to produce energy
Term
What is chemsitry?
Definition
Anything with mass and volume and its reactions
Term
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means would be an:
Definition
Element
Term
When a newly discovered substance cannot be separated further by any physical process but it can be separated by chemical processes. The new substance must be a:
Definition
Compound
Term
Which of the following elements is a liquid at room temperature?
Definition
Hg, mercury
Term
The element Cl is a ____ and its name is ____
Definition
Gas, chlorine
Term
Which of the following is a heterogenous mixture?
Definition
Mud
Term
Which of the following elements is found in the superstrong magnets used in most cellphone speakers?
Definition
Nd, neodymium
Term
Which of the following is an example of physical change?
Definition
Water when heated forms steam
Term
An example of a change in physical state would be:
Definition
Sublimation of carbon dioxide
Term

Which of the following is a correctly balanced equation?

 

 

Definition

4Fe + 3O(2) ---> 2Fe(2)O(3)

 

*numbers in parentheses are subscript

Term
How many atoms are found in the compound Al(2)[SO(4)](3)
Definition
17
Term
Seven elements normally exist in nature as two atoms bonded together. These elements are known as:
Definition
Diatomic molecules
Term
Which set of calculations below would correctly convert 52 ft to centimeters?
Definition
(52)(12/1)(2.54/1)
Term
If a tablet contains 201g of a drug, how many milligrams does it contain?
Definition
2.01 x 10^5
Term
Most atoms and molecules fall into which size range?
Definition
Nanometers to micrometers
Term
If a sample of pure matter contains only one kind of atom, it is a(n) _____ and _______ be broken down to simpler substances
Definition
Element; cannot
Term

Jaconine is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Senecio jacobea. Jaconine's structure was determined in 1959 and it has the molecular formula C(18)H(26)ClNO(6). How many different types of atoms are in one molecule of jaconine?

 

*numbers in parentheses are subscript

Definition
5
Term
The equation 2C(2)H(6)(g) + 7O(2)(g) ---> 4CO(2)(g) +  6H(2)O(g), does not tell us that:
Definition
The reaction will produce heat
Term
Convert 0.085954 to scientific notation with 4 significant figures
Definition
8.595 x 10^-2
Term

When the following equation is correctly balanced, what is the coefficient for copper?

 

__ CuSO(4) + __ Fe ---> __ Cu + __ Fe(2)[SO(4)](3)

 

*numbers in parentheses are subscript

Definition
3
Term
The ground state of an atom is one in which
Definition
All electrons are in their lowest energy level
Term
Electrons that occupy the energy level just beyond the core electrons are:
Definition
Valence electrons
Term
Which statement below most accurately describes the emission line spectra of excited atoms?
Definition
Bright lines of color at specific wavelengths separated by dark bands with no color
Term
A form of electromagnetic radiation with more energy than x-rays would be:
Definition
Gamma rays
Term
Which color of visible light has the least amount of energy per photon?
Definition
Orange
Term
Which part of Dalton's atomic theory has had to be revised due to new discoveries?
Definition
All atoms of an element have the same mass
Term

Which element below will have the smallest atomic radius?

 

Tin

Sulfur

Phosphorous

Oxygen

Definition
Oxygen
Term
The isotope of lead, Pb-206 contains how many neutrons?
Definition
124
Term
Colors of light seen in a fireworks display are due to:
Definition
Electrons emitting energy in the visible spectrum
Term
What is the correct electron configuration for chlorine?
Definition
1s22s22p63s23p5
Term

Which equation would be best to calculate the frequency of light emitted by a yellow traffic signal if the energy of the radiation was known?

Definition
E=hv
Term
Which of the following is not true about particulates?
Definition
Gravity and precipitation remove so many particulates from the hair that they are the major cause of river silting
Term
What is the symbol for a neutral atom with 12 protons, 12 electrons, and 12 neutrons
Definition
Mg
Term
Radiation penetrates from most to least according to the order:
Definition
gamma>beta>alpha
Term
Atoms become destabilized when their nuclei contain too many or too few
Definition
Neutrons
Term
Which element is found in Group 6B - in Period 4
Definition
Chromium, Cr
Term
What is the largest source of background radiation contained within your body?
Definition
Potassium, K
Term
What is the number of valence electrons in Magnesium (Mg)
Definition
2
Term

Which element would most likely have the Lewis Dot Symbol

 

*

* X *

*

Definition
Carbon, C
Term
Which part of Bohr's model of the atom provides the best explanation for the emission of visible light?
Definition
When electrons fall from high to lower energy levels, energy is emitted in the form of light
Term
A signifying component of photochemical smog is:
Definition
Nitrogen monoxide
Term
Which represents the electron configuration for an atom of unreactive monatomic gas?
Definition
1s22s22p2
Term
Catalytic converters reduce air pollution reacting with:
Definition

(all of the above)

 

NOx

SO2

CO

Term
Commercial liquid nitrogen is produced from the air by
Definition
Refrigeration of air and fractional warming or fractional distillation
Term
If the concentration of the element named for the planet Krypton, KR, is 304 ppb, what is its percentage
Definition
0.0000304
Term
Which of the following is not true about ozone?
Definition
It is removed from automobile exhaust by the catalytic converter
Term
Which of Nebraska's Energy Sources contributes the most sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere?
Definition
Coal
Term
The "valence shell electron pair repulsion" theory is useful in determining:
Definition
The shape of a compound from its Lewis Dot structure
Term
The compounds CH4 and NH3 each have four electron groups around the central atom, but they have different molecular shapes. Why do the shapes differ?
Definition
Nitrogen has a lone pair and carbon doesn't
Term
The subscripts in the formula for a compound, such as Na3, represent
Definition
The numerical ratio of atoms or ions in the compound
Term
Which bond has the most covalent character?
Definition
P-Cl
Term
Which statement is NOT true about covalent compounds?
Definition
Covalent compounds tend to have high boiling points
Term
Which equation represents the process of methanogenesis?
Definition
CO2 + 4H2 ---> CH4 + 2H2O
Term
Which is not an anthropogenic source of methane gas?
Definition
Swamps/wetlands
Term
Factors affecting the rate of a reaction include:
Definition

Temperature

Concentration

Presence of a catalyst

 

(all the above)

Term
What is the molar mass of Vitamin C (C6H8O6)?
Definition
176 g/mol
Term
Use VSEPR to predict the atomic shape of the nitrogen in nitric acid
Definition
Trigonal planar
Term
A type of bond in which two atoms are sharing electrons equally is known as a
Definition
Nonpolar covalent bond
Term
In a molecule of carbon dioxide, CO2, the type of bonding between the carbon and each oxygen is:
Definition
Double covalent
Term
One mole of oxygen atoms represents
Definition
6.02 x 1023 atoms
Term

When the following equation is correctly balanced, what is the coefficient for copper?

 

__ CuSO4 + __ Fe --> __ Cu + __ Fe2(SO4)3

Definition
3
Term
When the Lewis electron dot structure for AsI3 is correctly written, what is the shape of the molecule and how many nonbonding electron pairs are on As?
Definition
Trigonal pyramid, one
Term
Which is the strongest intermolecular force?
Definition
Hydrogen bonding
Term
Particles in the ___ state are held in place by their immediate neighboring particles and vibrate in place
Definition
Solid
Term
Of the following, which is the weakest bond?
Definition
N---N, single bond
Term
An ion contains 9 protons, 8 neutrons, and 10 electrons. Its charge is:
Definition
-1
Term
A neutral atom can be converted to a positive ion if it
Definition
Loses electrons
Term
What is Avogrado's number?
Definition
6.02 x 1023 things/mole
Term

Which of the following will decrease the production of ammonia?

 

N2(g) + 3H2(g) --> 2NH3(g)

Definition
Removing hydrogen
Term
Which substance has ionic bonds between atoms?
Definition
MgCl2
Term

Ammonia reacts with diatomic oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide and water in the following balanced reaction equation

 

4NH3 + 5O2 --> 4NO + 6H2O

Definition
3.0
Term
The rule which helps in determining how atoms or ions combine to form compounds is known as
Definition
The Octet rule
Term

Name the following compounds in the order given

 

P2O5

SnCl4

K2CO3

Definition

diphosphorous oxide

tin carbide

potassium (II) carbonate

Term
In which of the following does hydrogen bonding occur?
Definition
NH3
Term
Which of the following statements about the reaction diagrams is true?
Definition
Reaction A proceeds faster than Reaction B
Term
If we equate "global warming" with 100,000 year temperature cycles, the main cause of "global warming" is
Definition
Orbital eccentricities of the Earth and variations in the Sun's output
Term
Choose the most accurate interpretation of the chemical reaction described in the reaction diagram to the right
Definition
This reaction is endergonic, absorbing heat from the environment as it proceeds
Term
Which term is used to describe a chemical compound that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
Definition
Catalys
Term
In a chemical equilibrium...
Definition
A chemical reaction and its reverse are occuring at equal rates
Term
The statement "if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will adjust to relieve the stress" is known as
Definition
Le Chatelier's Principle
Term
How do catalysts increase the rate of a reaction?
Definition
Catalysts lower the activation energy for the reaction
Term
In an exothermic reaction, the energy of the products are ___ than that of the reactants
Definition
Less
Term
Ozone is destroyed by two natural processes as presented in lecture. Which naturally occuring substances cause this destruction?
Definition
Nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical
Term
The second law of thermodynamics says
Definition
The total amount of entropy in the universe is constantly increasing
Term
The greatest percentage of radiation reaching the earth's surface from the sun is
Definition
Infrared radiation
Term
The average temperature of the earth will most likely increase with an enhanced greenhouse effect. What is the present average temperature of the earth?
Definition
59°F
Term
Which two gases in the atmosphere do not absorb IR radiation and, thus, play no part in greenhouse warming?
Definition
Nitrogen, oxygen
Term
Which change listed below would result in increased entropy (disorder of matter)?
Definition
The burning of gasoline
Term
In the movie "Apollo 13", excess carbon dioxide in the air was removed by which chemical reaction?
Definition
2LiOH + CO2 --> Li2CO3 + H2O
Term
Which of the following will decrease the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide?
Definition
Increase phytoplankton growth by adding iron, a limiting nutrient, into the ocean
Term
Choose the best and broadest interpretation for the "Annual Cycle" inset in the graph to the right
Definition
Photosynthesis causes the decrease in CO2 observed from May to October
Term
Each chlorine atom in the stratosphere has the capacity to destroy how many ozone molecules?
Definition
100,000
Term
The power source associated with the higher greenhouse gas emission is:
Definition
Coal
Term
How are carbon dioxide concentrations determined from thousands of years ago?
Definition
Analysis of ice samples
Term
What type of radiation from the sun accounts for the greenhouse effect?
Definition
Infrared (IR)
Term
According to the documentary "An Inconvenient Truth", what are possible consequences of global warming?
Definition

Rising temperatures

Greater number of environmental disorders

Rising sea levels

 

(all the above)

Term
In a photochemical reaction
Definition
The chemical reaction is energized by light
Term
Chemical energy is:
Definition
The difference in energy calculated from the number and types of bonds in the products and reactants
Term
What is a greenhouse gas?
Definition
A molecule that increases its vibrational motions when it absorbs the earth's heat energy
Term
Which of the following is not one of the four principles of Green Chemistry?
Definition
Enforce laws to reduce the amount of toxic pollution released by chemical companies
Term
What does the Chapman cycle represent?
Definition
The steady state production of ozone that takes place in the stratosphere
Term
What type of radiation from the sun causes the most harm to humans?
Definition
UV-B
Term
Which is not a requirement for stratospheric ozone loss?
Definition
UV-C light is absorbed by stratospheric oxygen
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