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CHEM 1020 Final Fall 2011
Cards to prep for final terms
70
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2011

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Cards

Term
Strong Base
Definition
Completely dissociates into hydroxide ions and counter ions when dissolved in water
Term
weak base
Definition
patially dissociates into hydroxide ions and counter ions when dissolved in water
Term
Neutralization
Definition
the reaction betwee an acid and a base
Term
salt
Definition
an ionic compund formed from the reaction between and acid and a base
Term
amphoteric
Definition
a substance whose ability to behave as an acid is about the same as its ability to behave as a base
Term
What is the ph of a solution?
Definition
pH = -log [h3o+]
Term
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
Definition
7
Term
Acidic pH values...
Definition
< 7
Term
neutral pH value
Definition
7
Term
basic pH values..
Definition
> 7
Term
pH scale goes from
Definition
1-14
Term
alkaline
Definition
Having the properties of an alkali, or containing alkali; having a pH greater than 7 (aka a base)
Term
buffer solution
Definition
a solution that resiss changes in pH upon addition of an acid or a base
Term
A buffer solution contains at least 2 things.... which are?
Definition
- component to neutralize any incoming base
-a component to neutralize any incoming acid
Term
oxidation
Definition
The process whereby a reactant loses one or more electrons
Term
reduction
Definition
The process whereby a reactant gains one or more electrons.
Term
oxidizing agent
Definition
A reactant that causes another reactant to be oxidized.
Term
reducing agent
Definition
A reactant that causes another reactant to be reduced.
Term
oxidation state
Definition
the degree of oxidation of an atom or ion or molecule; for simple atoms or ions the oxidation number is equal to the ionic charge; "the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 and of oxygen is -2"
Term
cathode
Definition
The electrode where reduction occurs.
Term
anode
Definition
The electrode where oxidation occurs.
Term
corrosion
Definition
The deterioration of a metal, typically caused by atmospheric oxygen.
Term
rust
Definition
A reddish- or yellowish-brown flaky coating of iron oxide that is formed on iron or steel by oxidation, esp. in the presence of moisture
Term
Phosphoric acid fuel cell
Definition
- continuous operation (long start-up cycle)
- stationary power applications
Term
molton carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells
Definition
- Operating temperatures above 1200ºF
- Stationary Power applications
Term
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell
Definition
- Lower temperature operation (100-200ºF)
Term
Combustion
Definition
An oxidation/reduction reaction between a nonmetallic material and molecular oxygen.
Term
allotrope
Definition
Each of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist. Graphite, charcoal, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon.
Term
two allotropes of carbon
Definition
- diamond
- graphite
Term
two allotropes of phosphorus
Definition
- white phosphorus
- red phosphorus
Term
addition polymer
Definition
A polymer formed by the joining together of monomer units with no atoms lost as the polymer forms.
Term
hydrocarbon
Definition
A chemical compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Term
structural isomers
Definition
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different chemical structures.
Term
conformation
Definition
One of the possible spatial orientations of a molecule.
Term
condensation polymer
Definition
A polymer formed by the joining together of monomer units accompanied by the loss of a small molecule, such as water.
Term
functional group
Definition
A specific combination of atoms that behave as a unit in an organic molecule.
Term
monomer
Definition
The small molecular unit from which a polymer is formed.
Term
polymer
Definition
A long organic molecule made of many repeating units.
Term
Vulcanization
Definition
process of treating rubber or rubberlike materials with sulphur at great heat to improve elasticity and strength or to harden them.
wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
Term
Why is carbon so special? (2 bullets)
Definition
- Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds.
- Carbon also readily forms bonds with many other types of atoms.
Term
Hydrocarbon names are based on:
Definition
1) type,
2) # of carbons
Term
Name will end in –ane
Definition
all single bonds between carbon
Term
naem will end in -ene
Definition
at least one double bond between carbon
Term
mnemonic for first four prefixes
Definition
Monkeys, eat, peeled, bananas
M-meth
E- eth
P- Prop
B- But
Term
where do hydrocarbons come from?
Definition
fossil fuels
Term
octane rating
Definition
a meansure of how well a hydrocarbon fuel burns relation to two standards
Term
saturated hydrocarbon
Definition
a hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom is bonded to at least four other atomss
Term
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Definition
A hydrocarbon in which a carbon atom is bonded to less than four other atoms.(This occurs when the hydrocarbon has one or more carbon/carbon double or triple bond)
Term
Aromatic compound
Definition
An organic compound containing three double bonds in a six-membered rings.
Term
Latex Rubber
Definition
- Sap of the Para rubber tree,
Hevea brasiliensis
- Samples first brought to Europe from Brazil by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1736
- Named “rubber” by Robert Priestley in 1770 for its ability to remove pencil marks
Term
carbohyrate
Definition
A biomolecule that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and is produced by plants through photosynthesis.
Term
carbohydrate metabolism
Definition
the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
Term
glycemic index
Definition
A number representing the ability of a food, relative to that of glucose, to increase the level of glucose in the blood.
Term
fat/oil
Definition
A biomolecule that packs a lot of energy per gram and consists of a glycerol unit attached to three fatty acid molecules.
Term
omega-3 fatty acids
Definition
a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond three carbons from the beginning.
Term
trans fat
Definition
the common name for unsaturated fat with trans-isomer fatty acid(s). Trans fats may be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated but never saturated.
Term
fat metabolism
Definition
a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body
Term
low density lipoproteins
Definition
Molecules made of lipids and proteins that carry cholesterol and fat through the bloodstream.
Term
low density lipoproteins
Definition
Molecules made of lipids and proteins that carry cholesterol and fat through the bloodstream.
Term
High-density lipoproteins
Definition
a form of cholesterol that attaches to low density lipoproteins and allows them to be absorbed out of blood vessels.
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information
Term
Messenger-RNA
Definition
The form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome.
Term
Transfer-RNA
Definition
RNA consisting of folded molecules that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome.
Term
Transcription
Definition
The process by which genetic information represented by a sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of RNA, with the DNA serving as a template
Term
Translation
Definition
The process of bringing amino acids together according to the codon sequence on mRNA.
Term
Codon
Definition
A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Term
Clone
Definition
A group of organisms or cells produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical.
Term
Restriction enzyme
Definition
An enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.
Term
Genetic engineering
Definition
The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
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