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Chem 101
test 1
45
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
09/24/2007

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Term
Measurement
Definition
- Quantitative Observation
- Comparison based on an accepted scale
- Has 2 parts--the number and the unit
Term
Scientific Notation
Definition
- Technique used to express very large/small numbers
- based on powers of 10
Term
Scientific Notation
Definition
- Technique used to express very large/small numbers
- based on powers of 10
Term
Volume
Definition
- The amount of three dimensional space occupied by a substance
Term
Conversion Factor
Definition
- a ratio of the 2 parts of the statement that relates the 2 units
Term
Dimensional Analysis
Definition
- Changing from one unit to another via conversion factors
Term
Density
Definition
- The amount of matter present in a given volume of substance
- d = m/v
Term
Specific Gravity
Definition
- the ratio of the density of a given liquid to the density of water at 4 degrees celcius
Term
Matter
Definition
- the part of the universe that has mass and volume
Term
States of Matter
Definition
1) Solid- rigid, has a fixed shape and volume

2) Liquid- has a definite volume, but takes shape of container

3) Gas- has no fixed volume or shpae, takes the shape and volume of container
Term
Properties of Matter
Definition
- Characteristics of the substance under observation
- properties are: directly observable
: the way something interacts with other substances in the universe


ex. Chemical and Physical
Term
Physical Properties
Definition
- The characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition
- Characteristics that are directly observable
Term
Chemical Properties
Definition
- The characteristics that determine how the compostion of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter of the influence of energy
- Characteristics that describe the behavior of matter
Term
Physical Changes
Definition
- Changes to matter that do not result in a change to the fundamental componenets that make up the substance
- State changes, boiling, melting, condensing
Term
Chemical Changes
Definition
- Changes that involve a change in the fundamental components of the substance
- Produce new substances, chemical reactions occur, reactants-->prodcuts
- Chemical changes involve a chemical reaction--at least one new substance is formed.
Term
Elements
Definition
- Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Term
Compounds
Definition
- Most substances are chemical combinations of elements.
- Can be broken down into elements
- Same chemical composition all the time
- Properties of the compound not related to the properties of the elements that compose it
Term
Homogeneous
Definition
- uniform throughout, appears to be one thing
- pure substances
- Solutions (homogeneous mixtures)
Term
Hetergeneous
Definition
- non-uniform, contains regions with different properties than other regions
Term
Pure Substances
Definition
- All samples have the same physical and chemical properties
- Constant composition: all samples have the same composition
- Homogeneous
- Separate into components based on chemical properties
Term
Mixtures
Definition
- Different samples may show different properties
- Variable composition
- Homogeneous or heterogeneous
- Separate into components based on physical properties
- All mixtures are made of pure substances
Term
Solutions
Definition
- a homogeneous mixture
- phase can be gaseous, liquid, or solid
Term
Distillation
Definition
- the method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components
Term
Filtration
Definition
- a method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid
Term
Daltons Atomic Theory
Definition
- Elements are composed of tiny particles called atoms
- All atoms of a given element are identical
- Atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element
- Law of constant Composition
Term
Law of Constant Composition
(Daltons Atomic Theory)
Definition
- all samples of a compound contain the same proportions (by mass) of the elements that form the compound

- all atoms present at beginning are present at the end
- atoms are not created or destroyed, just rearranged in chemical reactions
- atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element
Term
Isotopes
Definition
- Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

- All atoms of an element have the same number of protons
- All isotopes of an element are chemically identical
- Isotopes of an element have different masses
- isotopes are identified by their mass numbers
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
- the number of protons in an atom of a given element
Term
Metals
Definition
- about 75% of all the elements
- lustrous, malleable, ductile, conduct heat/electricity
Term
Non-Metals
Definition
- dull, brittle, insulators
Term
Metalloids
Definition
- also known as semi-metals
- some properties of both metals and non-metals
Term
Cation
Definition
- ions that have a positive charge
- form when an atom loses electrons
Term
Anion
Definition
- ions that have a negative charge
- form when an atom gains electrons
Term
Ionic Compound
Definition
- Whenever a compound forms between a metal and a nonmetal, it can be expected to contain ions
Term
Nuclear Atom
Definition
- An atom with a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) around which tiny electrons moved in a space that was otherwise empty
Term
Groups
Definition
- Families of elements with similar chemical properties that lie in the same vertical column on the periodic table
Term
First column of elements
Definition
Alkali metals
Term
Group 2 elements
Definition
Alkaline Earth Metals
Term
Group 7 elements
Definition
Halogens
Term
Group 8 elements
Definition
Noble Gases
Term
Transition Elements
Definition
- A large collection of elements that spans many vertical columns
Term
Diatomic Molecules
Definition
- Molecules made up of two atoms
Term
Ion
Definition
- a tiny charge entity
Term
Mass
Definition
- The quantity of matter present in an object.
- Fundamental SI unit of mass is the kilogram
Term
Chemistry
Definition
- the science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo.
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