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| what two items is chemistry concerned with? |
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| example of physical property |
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| changed by interactions with another substance, like rust |
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| two kinds of pure substances |
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| more than one element in a compound, molecules |
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| about how many elements exist on earth? |
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| most of the atoms in the body are... |
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| how does the periodic table categorize elements? |
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| by certain physical chracteristics |
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| degrees C= (5/9) times (degrees F -32) |
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| (5/9) times (degrees F -32) |
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| measure of reproducibility |
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| how close is a measurement to the true value |
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| measured the charge on an electron |
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| gold foil experiment, angular distribution of particles |
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| atoms with the same number of protons |
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| atoms with equal number of neutrons |
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| atoms that have the same weight (number of protons + number of neutrons) |
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| A = mass number, Z = protons, N = neutrons |
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| arrangement based on number of protons in nucleus |
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| columns in the periodic table |
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| diatomic molecule example |
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| triatomic molecule examples |
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| empirical formula, smallest whole number ratios of atoms in a molecule |
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| shows the actual number of atoms in the compound |
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| shows the arrangement and connections of atoms in a molecule |
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| atoms that have fewer or more electrons present than protons |
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| quantitative relationships in Chemistry |
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| law of conservation of mass (energy) |
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| atoms are neither created or destroyed in any chemical process |
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| a relative mass scale that relates one kind of atom to that of a specific kind of atom (Carbon 12) |
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| is the amount of substance that contains avogadros number entities |
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| way to figure out molecular formula from elemental percentages |
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| element, relative mass of element (out of 100g), relative number of atoms, divide by smallest number, convert to whole #... to find molecular formula MW/FW |
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| actual yield/ theoretical yield |
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| homogeneous mixture at the molecular level between 2 or more substances |
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| minor component that is dissolved in the other component |
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| major component that something dissolves in |
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| number of moles solute/ number of liters solution |
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| volume 1 times molarity 1= |
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| volume 2 times molarity 2 |
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| movement of ions in aqueous solution -> the strength of conduction is proportional to the tendency of the solute to ionize |
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| process by which a solid ionic compound separates into ions in a solution |
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| process by which a molecular compound separates into ions in a solution |
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| ions that have a positive charge |
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| types of strong electrolytes |
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| strong acids, strong bases, salts |
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| completely ionize in dilute solutions |
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| HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4 |
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| are strong bases soluble? |
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| first column, not hydrogen and second row Ca(OH)2, Sa(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2 |
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| how many salts are there? |
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| substance that produces H+ in aqueous solutions |
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| compound that contains a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH- or O2- |
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| substance that produces OH- in aqueous solutions |
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| shows the predominate form of all species of in aqueous solution |
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| cancel spectator ions from total ionic equation |
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| A+B -> C, two reactants are going to produce one product |
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| ionic reactions which involve the removal of ions from the solution AX + BY -> AY + BX |
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| three types of metathesis reactions |
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| precipitation, produce soluble/ weak/ or non-electrolyte (neutralization reaction), gas formation (acid-base reactions) |
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| only metals considered. one element replaces another in a compound |
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| displacement reactions equations |
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(more active metal) + (salt of less active metal) -> (less active metal) + (salt of more active metal)
AND
(active metal) + (non-oxidizing acid) -> H2(g) + (salt of the acid) |
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| reactions involving either oxidation or reduction |
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| redox reaction with a loss of electrons |
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| redox reaction with a gain of electrons |
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| book-keeping chore to keep track of e transfer in chemical reactions |
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| +1(electron), +2 -> (B) +3, +/-4, -3, -2, -1(electron) (F) |
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| sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in a compound = |
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| charge on the compound or ion |
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| what changes in redox reactions? |
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| metal found higher in the table will displace the metal ion from the salt of another metal found lower in the table |
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| chemical equations relate the mols of product sand reactants regardless of whether they are in solution or not |
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| method which is used to assay the concentration solutions |
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| compounds containing NO3-, CH3COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, SO4^2- |
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| the gold foil experiment performed in Rutherford's laboratory... |
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| lead to the discovery of the atomic nucleus |
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| how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an ion? |
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| protons on periodic table, neutrons are atomic weight minus number of protons, electrons are number of protons minus the charge |
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