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Chem 101 Exam 1
from class lecture notes
79
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2010

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Term
what two items is chemistry concerned with?
Definition
matter and energy
Term
example of physical property
Definition
melting point
Term
chemical properties
Definition
changed by interactions with another substance, like rust
Term
two kinds of pure substances
Definition
elements and compounds
Term
compounds
Definition
more than one element in a compound, molecules
Term
about how many elements exist on earth?
Definition
90
Term
most of the atoms in the body are...
Definition
oxygen
Term
life is what based?
Definition
carbon
Term
how does the periodic table categorize elements?
Definition
by certain physical chracteristics
Term
degrees C= (5/9) times (degrees F -32)
Definition
(5/9) times (degrees F -32)
Term
density =
Definition
mass/ volume
Term
precision
Definition
measure of reproducibility
Term
accuracy
Definition
how close is a measurement to the true value
Term
Democrates
Definition
idea of atoms
Term
Milliken
Definition
measured the charge on an electron
Term
Roeutgen
Definition
Cathode-ray tube
Term
Becquerel
Definition
radioactivity
Term
Rutherford
Definition
gold foil experiment, angular distribution of particles
Term
isotopes
Definition
atoms with the same number of protons
Term
isotones
Definition
atoms with equal number of neutrons
Term
isobars
Definition
atoms that have the same weight (number of protons + number of neutrons)
Term
(X) ^=A, <=Z, >=N
Definition
A = mass number, Z = protons, N = neutrons
Term
arrangement based on number of protons in nucleus
Definition
periodic table
Term
columns in the periodic table
Definition
have similar properties
Term
diatomic molecule example
Definition
H2
Term
triatomic molecule examples
Definition
H2O or HCN
Term
simplest formula
Definition
empirical formula, smallest whole number ratios of atoms in a molecule
Term
molecular formula
Definition
shows the actual number of atoms in the compound
Term
structural formulas
Definition
shows the arrangement and connections of atoms in a molecule
Term
ions
Definition
atoms that have fewer or more electrons present than protons
Term
stoiciometry
Definition
quantitative relationships in Chemistry
Term
law of conservation of mass (energy)
Definition
atoms are neither created or destroyed in any chemical process
Term
atomic weight
Definition
a relative mass scale that relates one kind of atom to that of a specific kind of atom (Carbon 12)
Term
1 mole
Definition
is the amount of substance that contains avogadros number entities
Term
avogadros number
Definition
6.022 times 10 ^23
Term
way to figure out molecular formula from elemental percentages
Definition
element, relative mass of element (out of 100g), relative number of atoms, divide by smallest number, convert to whole #... to find molecular formula MW/FW
Term
percent yield
Definition
actual yield/ theoretical yield
Term
solution
Definition
homogeneous mixture at the molecular level between 2 or more substances
Term
solute
Definition
minor component that is dissolved in the other component
Term
solvent
Definition
major component that something dissolves in
Term
molarity
Definition
number of moles solute/ number of liters solution
Term
volume 1 times molarity 1=
Definition
volume 2 times molarity 2
Term
electrical conduction
Definition
movement of ions in aqueous solution -> the strength of conduction is proportional to the tendency of the solute to ionize
Term
dissociation
Definition
process by which a solid ionic compound separates into ions in a solution
Term
ionization
Definition
process by which a molecular compound separates into ions in a solution
Term
anions
Definition
negatively charged ion
Term
cations
Definition
ions that have a positive charge
Term
types of strong electrolytes
Definition
strong acids, strong bases, salts
Term
strong acids
Definition
completely ionize in dilute solutions
Term
Strong acids
Definition
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4
Term
are strong bases soluble?
Definition
yes
Term
strong bases...OH and
Definition
first column, not hydrogen and second row Ca(OH)2, Sa(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2
Term
how many salts are there?
Definition
LOTS
Term
acid
Definition
substance that produces H+ in aqueous solutions
Term
salt
Definition
compound that contains a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH- or O2-
Term
base
Definition
substance that produces OH- in aqueous solutions
Term
most salts are
Definition
strong electrolytes
Term
total ionic equation
Definition
shows the predominate form of all species of in aqueous solution
Term
net ionic equation
Definition
cancel spectator ions from total ionic equation
Term
combustion reactants
Definition
A+B -> C, two reactants are going to produce one product
Term
decomposition reaction
Definition
C-> A + B,
Term
metathesis reactions
Definition
ionic reactions which involve the removal of ions from the solution AX + BY -> AY + BX
Term
three types of metathesis reactions
Definition
precipitation, produce soluble/ weak/ or non-electrolyte (neutralization reaction), gas formation (acid-base reactions)
Term
displacement reactions
Definition
only metals considered. one element replaces another in a compound
Term
displacement reactions equations
Definition
(more active metal) + (salt of less active metal) -> (less active metal) + (salt of more active metal)

AND

(active metal) + (non-oxidizing acid) -> H2(g) + (salt of the acid)
Term
redox reactions
Definition
reactions involving either oxidation or reduction
Term
oxidation
Definition
redox reaction with a loss of electrons
Term
reduction
Definition
redox reaction with a gain of electrons
Term
oxidation numbers
Definition
book-keeping chore to keep track of e transfer in chemical reactions
Term
oxidation numbers
Definition
+1(electron), +2 -> (B) +3, +/-4, -3, -2, -1(electron) (F)
Term
sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in a compound =
Definition
charge on the compound or ion
Term
what changes in redox reactions?
Definition
oxidation numbers
Term
how to use table 4.5
Definition
metal found higher in the table will displace the metal ion from the salt of another metal found lower in the table
Term
solution stoiciometry
Definition
chemical equations relate the mols of product sand reactants regardless of whether they are in solution or not
Term
titration
Definition
method which is used to assay the concentration solutions
Term
soluble compounds
Definition
compounds containing NO3-, CH3COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, SO4^2-
Term
most easily oxidized...
Definition
use table in book
Term
the gold foil experiment performed in Rutherford's laboratory...
Definition
lead to the discovery of the atomic nucleus
Term
how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an ion?
Definition
protons on periodic table, neutrons are atomic weight minus number of protons, electrons are number of protons minus the charge
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