refers to deliberate efforts to provide full and eual opportuniteties in employment, education and othe areas for members of traditionally disadvantaged groups.

a.affimative action

b.writ of certiorari

c.plurality opinion

terms that refer to the right of every person to eual protection under that laws and equal access to society's opportunnities and public facilites.

a.poitive government

b.social insurance

c.civil rights

 discrimination that is a consequence of social, economic, and cultural biases and conditions.

a.effective ta rate 

b.de facto discrimination

c.poverty government

  is dicrimination based on law, as in the case of the state laws that forced black and white chidren to attend separate schools during the pre-Brown period.

a.presidental approval ratings

b.unit rule

c.de jure discrimination

          is the aim of policies intended to reduce da facto discriminatory effects.

a.equality of result

b.externlities

c.fiscal policy

d.inflation.

 the courts have protected groups such as African Americans and women form discrimination by state and local governments.

a.budget surplus

b.deregulation

c.economic depression

d.equal-protection clasue

 civil rights

a.externlities

b.fiscal policy

c.inflation

d.equal rights.

 women and men differ in their opinions and their votes.

a. gender gap

b.laissez-faire doctrine

c.monetary policy

reasonable-basis test

 the courts require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable.

a. reasonable-basic test

b.policy formation

c.policy implementation

 such a law is persumed unconstitutional unless goverment can provide overwhelming racial, group members evidence of its necessity

a.decision

b.facts (of a court case) 

c.strict-scrutiny test

 in other words, the legal classification based on race and ethnicity are presumed to have discrimination as their purpose.

a.suspect classifications

b.economy

c.balanced budget.