Term
| What are the three major compartments of the human body? |
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Definition
1) Major body cavities
2) Fluid compartments
3) Intracellular compartments |
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Term
| What are the two types of fluid compartments within the body? |
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Definition
1) Intracellular fluid / cytosol (ICF)
2) Extracellular fluid (ECF)
-Found between cells
-Plasma |
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Term
| What are the six aspects of the cell theory? |
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Definition
1) The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes
2) Functional activities of each cell depend on specific structural properties of the cell
3) Cells are living building blocks of all multicellular organisms
4) An organisms structure and function ultimately depend on individual and collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its cells
5) All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells
6) Cells of all organisms are fundamentally similar in structure and function |
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Term
| The cytoplasm is composed of the __________ and __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cytoplasm composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the cytosol? |
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Definition
| 1) Semigelatinous intracellular fluid |
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Term
| The cytosol serves as a medium for the suspension of what? |
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Definition
1) Organelles
2) Ions, nutrients, enzymes, wastes, etc.
3) Inclusions |
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Term
| __________ are nonliving material in the protoplasm of a cell, such as pigment granules, fat droplets, or nutritive substances. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Nonliving material in the protoplasm of a cell, such as pigment granules, fat droplets, or nutritive substances |
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Term
| What are the two division of organelles? |
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Definition
1) Membranous
2) Non-membranous |
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Term
| The __________ is the portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus |
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Term
| The __________ is found in a complex, gel-like liquid called the cytosol. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the cytoskeleton found? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytosol occupies about __________ of total cell volume. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is the semi-liquid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the activities associated with the gelatinous portion of the cytoplasm? |
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Definition
1) Enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
2) Ribosomal protein synthesis
3) Storage of fat, carbohydrates, and secretory vesicles |
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Term
| The __________ is a complex protein of cytosol that acts as "bone and muscle" of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| 1) Complex protein network of cytosol that acts as "bone and muscle" of the cell |
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Term
| What are the three distinct elements of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
1) Microtubules
2) Microfilaments
3) Intermediate filaments |
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Term
| What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
1) Strength
2) Support
3) Shape
4) Transport
5) Cell to cell links
6) Protein fibers
-Microfilaments
-Intermediate
-Microtubules |
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Term
| __________ increase cell surface area and are supported by microfilaments. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ form a network just inside the cell membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are the largest cytoskeleton fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ include myosin and keratin |
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Definition
| 1) Intermediate filaments |
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Term
| What are the functions of the microtubules? |
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Definition
1) Transport secretory vesicles
2) Move specialized cell projections
3) Form mitotic spindle during cell division
4) Contains tubulin protein |
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Term
| What are the functions of the microfilaments? |
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Definition
1) Contractile systems
2) Mechanical stiffeners
3) Contains two chains of actin protein |
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Term
| What are the functions of the intermediate filaments? |
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Definition
1) Help resist mechanical stress
2) Contains keratin |
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Term
| The __________ __________ is an elaborate fluid-filled membranous system distributed throughout the cytosol. |
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Definition
| 1) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Term
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? |
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Definition
| 1) An elaborate fluid-filled membranous system distributed throughout the cytosol |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| 1) To manufacture protein and lipids |
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Term
| What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? What are the functions of each? |
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Definition
1A) Smooth ER
1B) Rough er
2A) Smooth ER is responsible for lipid synthesis
2B) Rough ER is responsible for protein synthesis |
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Term
| Which ER is responsible for lipid synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ER consists of a mesh of tiny interconnected tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ER is responsible for protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ER projects outward from smooth ER as stacks of relatively flattened sacs |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ER has a surface with an attached ribosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ consists of a stack of flattened, slightly curved, membrane-enclosed sacs called cisternae. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelle is closely associated with ER? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the flattened, slightly curved, membrane-enclosed sacs within the Golgi compelx? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: The number of Golgi complexes is the same per cell |
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Definition
| 1) FALSE: The number of Golgi complexes per cell varies with the cell type |
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Term
| What are the functions of the Golgi complex? |
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Definition
1) Processes raw materials into finished products
2) Sorts and directs finished products to their final destinations
3) Packages secretory vesicles to release by exocytosis |
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Term
| __________ are membranous sacs containing hyrolytic enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
| What is the main function of lysosomes? |
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Definition
| 1) Serve as intracellular digestive system |
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Term
| What are the three processes lysosomes use to eliminate foreign material? |
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Definition
1) Pinocytosis
2) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
3) Phagocytosis |
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Term
| __________ are membranous sacs that house oxidative enzymes which detoxify various waste products. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are energy organelles that are the main site of ATP production. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mitochondria contains enzymes for the __________ __________ __________ and __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Citric acid cycle
2) Electron transport chain |
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Term
| Where does the majority of ATP production occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ bind groups of cells into tissue and package them into organs. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of elements which hold cells together? |
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Definition
1) Extracellular matrix
2) Cell adhesion molecules in cells plasma membranes
3) Specialized cell junctions |
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Term
| What serves as the biological "glue" in cells? |
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Definition
| 1) The extracellular matrix |
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Term
| What are the three major types of protein fibers interwoven into the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
1) Collagen
2) Elastin
3) Fibronectin |
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Term
| What are the three types of specialized cell junctions? |
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Definition
1) Desmosomes
2) Tight junctions (impermeable junctions)
3) Gap junctions (communicating junctions) |
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Term
| Impermeable junctions are also known as __________ __________ and communicating junctions are also known as __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Tight junctions
2) Gap junctions |
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Term
| What are the three types of cell adhering molecules (CAMs) found within cells? |
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Definition
1) Anchoring junctions
2) Tight junctions
3) Gap junctions |
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Term
| __________ act like "spot rivets" that anchor two closely adjacent nontouching cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CAMs are most abundant in tissues that are subject to considerable stretching? |
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Definition
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Term
In desmosomes:
__________ is cytoplasm thickening
__________ are intracellular filaments
__________ are intracellular intermediate cytoskeletal filaments |
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Definition
1) Plaque
2) Cadherins
3) Keratin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 1) Intracellular filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1) Intracellular intermediate cytoskeletal filaments |
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Term
| __________ __________ anchor cells to cells or cells to the connective tissue matrix. |
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Definition
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Term
| In anchoring junctions, what are the purpose of cell matrix attachments? What is an example? |
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Definition
1) Spot desmosomes or focal adhesions
2) Hemidesmosomes |
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Term
| __________ __________ firmly bond adjacent cells together. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of tight junctions? |
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Definition
1) Firmly bond adjacent cells together
2) Seal off the passageway between two cells
3) Prevent undesirable leaks within epithelial tissue |
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Term
| Where can tight junctions be found? |
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Definition
1) Primarily in the sheets of epithelial tissue
2) In the blood-brain barrier
3) GI tract
4) Kidneys |
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Term
| Tight junctions form __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tight junctions are formed through the fusion of adjacent cell membranes via __________ and __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ are small connecting tunnels formed by connexons |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can gap junctions be found? |
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Definition
1) Cardiac muscle
2) Smooth muscle |
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Term
| True or False: In muscle, tissues permit unrestricted passage of small nutrient molecules between cells. |
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Definition
| 1) FALSE: In NONMUSCLE tissues permit unrestricted passage of small nutrient molecules between cells |
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Term
| What are the functions of gap junctions? |
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Definition
1) Form small connecting tissues through connexons
2) Serve as a method for the direct transfer of small signaling molecules from one cell to the next |
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Term
| What type of CAMs can open and close through electrical synapses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CAMS are responsible for the rapid transfer of signals in cardiac and smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ is the functional unit of living organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three major human body cavities? |
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Definition
1) Cranial cavity
2) Thoracic cavity
3) Abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
| The __________ of some hollow organs are part of the body's external environment. |
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Definition
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Term
The body fluid compartments are the __________ __________ outside the cells and the __________ __________ inside the cells.
The ECF can be subdivided into __________ __________ bathing the cells and __________ the fluid portion of blood. |
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Definition
1) Extracellular fluid
2) Intracellular fluid
3) Interstitial fluid
4) Plasma |
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Term
| The word __________ is used both for cell membranes and for tissue membranes that line a cavity or separate two compartments. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ acts as a barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids, provides structural support, and regulates exchange and communication between the cell and its environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ of a biological membrane shows it as a __________ __________ with proteins inserted into the bilayer. |
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Definition
1) Fluid mosaic model
2) Phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
Membrane lipids include phospholipids, __________, and cholesterol.
__________-__________ __________ attach to membrane lipids. |
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Definition
1) Shingolipids
2) Lipid-anchored proteins |
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Term
Transmembrane proteins are __________ __________ tightly bound to the phospholipid bilayer.
__________ __________ attach less tightly to either side of the membrane. |
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Definition
1) Integral proteins
2) Peripheral proteins |
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Term
| __________ attach to the extracellular surface of cell membranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytoplasm consists of semi-gelatinous __________ with dissolved nutrients, ions, and waste products. Suspended in the cytosol are the other compartments of the cytoplasm: insoluble __________ and fibers, which have no enclosing membrane, and __________ which are membrane-enclosed bodies that carry specific functions. |
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Definition
1) Cytosol
2) Inclusions
3) Organelles |
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Term
| __________ are inclusions that take part in protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Insoluble protein fibers come in three sizes: __________ __________ (also called microfilaments), __________ __________ and __________. |
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Definition
1) Actin fibers
2) Intermediate filaments
3) Microtubules |
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Term
| __________ that aid the movement of chromosomes during cell division, __________ that move fluid or secretions across the cell surface, and __________ that propel sperm through body fluids are made of microtubules. |
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Definition
1) Centrioles
2) Cilia
3) Flagella |
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Term
| The changeable __________ provides strength, support, and internal organization; aids transport of material within the cell; links cells together; and enables motility in certain cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Motor proteins such as __________, __________, and __________ associate with cytoskeleton fibers to create movement. |
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Definition
1) Myosins
2) Kinesins
3) Dyneins |
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Term
| __________ around organelles create compartments that separate functions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ is the primary site of lipid synthesis; the __________ __________ __________ is the primary site of protein synthesis. |
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Definition
1) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2) Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| The __________ __________ packages proteins into vesicles. __________ __________ release their contents into the extracellular fluid. |
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Definition
1) Golgi apparatus
2) Secretory vesicles |
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Term
| __________ and __________ are small storage vesicles that contain digestive enzymes. |
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Definition
1) Lysosomes
2) Peroxisomes |
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Term
The __________ contains DNA, the genetic material that ultimately controls all cell processes, in the form of __________.
The double-membrane __________ __________ surrounding the nucleus has nuclear pore complexes that allow controlled chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol.
__________ are nuclear areas that control the synthesis of RNA for ribosomes. |
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Definition
1) Nucleus
2) Chromatin
3) Nuclear envelope
4) Nucleoli |
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Term
| __________ __________ is an example of how the cell separates functions by isolating them to separate compartments within the cell. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the four primary tissue types in the body? |
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Definition
1) Connective
2) Epithelial
3) Muscle
4) Neural |
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Term
| __________ __________ secreted by cells provides support and a means of cell-to-cell communication. It is composed of __________ and insoluble protein fibers. |
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Definition
1) Extracellular matrix
2) Proteoglycans |
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Term
Animal cell junctions fall into three categories:
__________ __________ allow chemical and electrical signals to pass directly from cell to cell.
__________ __________ restrict the movement of material between cells.
__________ __________ hold cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix. |
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Definition
1) Gap junctions
2) Tight junctions
3) Anchoring junctions |
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Term
| Membrane proteins called __________ __________ __________ (CAMs) are essential in cell adhesion and anchoring junctions. |
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Definition
| 1) Cell adhesion molecules |
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Term
__________ and __________ __________ anchor cells to each other.
__________ __________ and __________ anchor cells to the matrix. |
|
Definition
1) Desmosomes
2) Adherens junctions
3) Focal adhesions
4) Hemidesmosomes |
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Term
| __________ __________ protect the internal environment, regulate the exchange of material, or manufacture and secrete chemicals. There are five functional types found in the body: exchange, transporting, ciliated, protective, and secretory. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ permit rapid exchange of materials, particularly gases. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ actively regulate the selective exchange of nongaseous materials between the internal and external environments. |
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Definition
| 1) Transporting epithelia |
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Term
| __________ __________ move fluid and particles across the surface of the tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ help prevent exchange between the internal and external environments. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ release secretory products into the external environment or the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ release their secretions into the external environment through ducts. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ are ductless glands that release their secretions, called __________, directly into the extracellular fluid. |
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Definition
1) Endocrine glands
2) Hormones |
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Term
| __________ __________ have extensive extracellular matrix that provides structural support and forms a physical barrier. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ are the elastic tissues that underlie skin. |
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Definition
| 1) Loose connective tissues |
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Term
| Dense connective tissues, including __________ and __________, have strength or flexibility because they are made of collagen. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ stores fat. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The connective tissue we call __________ is characterized by a watery matrix. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is solid and flexible and has no blood supply. |
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Definition
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Term
| The fibrous matrix of __________ is hardened by deposits of calcium salts. |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle and neural tissue are called __________ tissues because of their ability to generate and propagate electrical signals called action potentials. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| __________ __________ as the ability to contract and produce force and movement. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
1) Cardiac
2) Skeletal
3) Smooth |
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Term
| __________ __________ includes neurons which use electrical and chemical signals to transmit information from one part of the body to another, and support cells known as __________ __________ (neuroglia). |
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Definition
1) Neural tissue
2) Glial cells |
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