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Definition
The "UPS" of the cell
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
Functions:
-Modifies products of the ER
-Manufactures certain macromolecules
-sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles |
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| a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromlecules |
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| a process in which Amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles |
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membrane bounded vesicles whose functions vary in different kinds of cells
can aid in protection, help the cell grow (as it expands with water the cell grows), give pigments, dispose of by products, |
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| Food vacuoles are created by .... |
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| pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell |
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| found in mature plant cells; three membranes separating it from its innermost space from the cytosol |
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| sites of cellular respiration which is the metabolic process generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels wit the help of oxygen; have two membranes (a phospholipid bilayer) separating it from their innermost space from the cytosol |
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| found in plants and algae; are the sits of photosynthesis |
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| an oxidative organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system ; imports proteins from cytosol |
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| enclosed by the inner membrane; contains many different enzymes as wella s the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes |
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| inside the chloroplasts; is another membranous system |
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| the fluid outside of he thylakoids that contains the chloroplasts DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes |
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Definition
| hollow rods measuring about 25 nm in diameter; are the largest |
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| a region located near the nucleus; where the microtubules grow from |
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| with the centrosome; are a pair; each compared of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring |
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| microtubule containing extensions that project from a cell |
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| solid rods; about 7 nm in diameter; built from actin; roll is it bear tension on the cytockeleton |
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| filaments that are intermediate in size and specialize in tension |
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| an extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells; protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water |
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| thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins; glues adjacent cell walls together |
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| extracellular matrix (ecm) |
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| the substance in which animal cells are embedded |
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| the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells |
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| channels that perforate cell walls |
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| the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins |
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| function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets |
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| provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in their function to the plasmodesmata in plants |
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| a molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region |
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| penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer |
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| carbohydrates are covalently bonded to lipids forming these molecules |
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| carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins |
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| have kinks that keep the molecule from packing together; this enhances the membrane fluidity |
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| tails are close together making fluidity difficult |
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| do not embed in the lipid bilayer; they bind to the surface of the membrane and are bound to the exposed parts of integral proteins |
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| proteins that help molecules tunnel through (generally hydrophobic) regions through a hydrophilic tunnel |
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| help water molecules travel through certain membranes |
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| the movement of molecules of ay substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space |
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| the region along which the density of a chemical substance decreases |
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| the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
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| the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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| the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain/lose water |
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| no net movement of water across the plasma membrane; water flows across the membrane but at the same rate in each direction |
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| the cell will shrivel up and possibly die due to water loss |
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| water will enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell and burst |
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| when molecules and ions impeded on the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane |
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