Term
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Definition
| intimacy vs isolation: forming close relationships, Person need's sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
| generativity vs stagnation: children, careers etc, life has purpose |
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Term
| Erik Erikson's Last Stage |
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Definition
| integrity vs despair: one’s life has been well-lived |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage increases longevity and adds to safety and security: For men significant, less problem drinking/smoking, higher income |
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Term
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Definition
| Children will increase misery unless have plan-discuss kids beforehand |
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Term
| "what is beautiful is good" stereotype |
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Definition
| attractive people given more benefits (even babies) |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatedness of two people, in physical proximity and/or similarity in nature (important in formation of relationships) |
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Term
| Passionate vs Compassionate Love |
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Definition
Passionate: longing, desire, high dopamine levels
Commpassionate: friendship, commitment to care for/support partner |
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Term
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Definition
How we feel about a relationship depends on our perceptions of:
The rewards and costs
The kind of relationship we deserve
Our chances of having a better relationship with someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| How one partner explains another's behavior: If happy, uses accommodation-partner-enhancing attributions. If unhappy, view each other in most negative ways |
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Term
| Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love |
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Definition
| intimacy, passion, and commitment; various combinations give rise to seven different types of love |
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Term
| Relational dialectics model |
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Definition
| relationship as process; unceasing interplay between contrary or opposing tendencies: Autonomy vs Connectedness, Novelty vs Predictability, and Openness vs Closedness |
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Term
| Gottman’s “four horsemen of the apocalypse” that doom marriages |
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Definition
| Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Withdrawal/stonewalling |
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Term
| Sternberg's Seven Types of Love |
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Definition
| Liking (intimacy alone), Infatuation (passion), Empty love (commitment), Romantic (i+p), Companionate (i+c), Fatuous (p+c), consummate (all 3) |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances |
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Term
| Factor Analysis with Traits |
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Definition
| grouping items by similarity |
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Term
| Eysenck's Superordinate traits |
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Definition
| Introversion/Extraversion, Emotional stability (how much emotions/moods change), pschoticism (aggression/impulse control) |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages (Freud-list) |
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Definition
Oral: birth to 18-pleasure through mouth
Anal: 2-3-toilet training
Phallic stage: 3-5-genitals (Oedipus complex)
Latency stage-suppress libidinal urges
Genital stage-adolescents/adults can be mature about sex |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits |
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Term
| weak vs strong situations |
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Definition
Weak-reveal differences in personality (hanging with friends)
Strong-mask differences in personality because of power of social environment (like funeral) |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior is determined jointly by situations and underlying dispositions |
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Term
| Five-Factor model of personality |
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Definition
| idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) |
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Term
| Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) |
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Definition
| brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain |
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Term
| Behavioral approach systems (BAS) |
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Definition
| brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards |
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Term
| psychodynamic theory (Freud) |
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Definition
| unconscious forces determine behavior, problems from conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| goal of psychoanalysis; a patient’s awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning |
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Term
| Defense mechanisms (definition) |
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Definition
| unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress |
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Term
| Psychosexual Stages (Freud-Definition) |
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Definition
| developmental stages that correspond to distinct libidinal urges; progression through them affects personality |
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Term
| Contemporary psychodynamic theory |
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Definition
| therapist aims to help patient examine needs, defenses, motives as way of understanding why distressed |
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Term
| Humanistic theory of personality |
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Definition
| emphasize how people seek to fulfill potential through greater self-understanding (self-actualization) |
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Term
| Unconditional vs conditional positive regard |
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Definition
| Unconditional: accept and prize kids no matter how they behave-express disapproval, but always express love (this would make fully functioning person) |
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Term
| social-cognitive theories of personality |
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Definition
| emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality |
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Term
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Definition
| how much we believe we can achieve outcome |
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Term
| Internal vs External Locus of control |
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Definition
Internal locus of control-believe own actions lead to own rewards
External locus of control-believe rewards/fates result from forces |
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Term
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Definition
| when mental disorders occur together |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event |
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Term
| Multiaxial System (Five Axes of DSM) |
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Definition
| system used in DSM; calls for assessment along five axes that describe important mental health factors Major clinical disorders-depression, schiz, anxiety etc mental retardation-problems in intellectual functioning and/or personality disorders medical conditions psychosocial problems-legal/financial/family global/overall assessment on how well person functioning |
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Term
| Defense Mechanisms (List) |
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Definition
| denial, rationalization, projection, repression, reaction formation, displacement, sublimation |
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Term
| Trait Theory of Personality |
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Definition
| a unique pattern of traits which resides within the individual & generates behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances |
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Term
| Freud-Levels of Consiousness |
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Definition
Conscious: thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering
Preconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories that can be easily brought to mind
Unconscious: thoughts or motives that lie beyond normal awareness |
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Term
| Freud Structures of the Mind |
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Definition
Id: component of personality that is completely submerged in unconscious and operates along pleasure principle (libido-acts on impulses/desires) like infant
Superego: internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct-morality/conscience (largely unconscious)
Ego: mediates id/superego-reality principle: involves rational thought and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of behavioral, psychological, and physiological responses to events, when the events match or exceed the organism’s ability to respond in a healthy way |
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Term
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Definition
| an environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| stress of positive events |
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Term
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Definition
| stress of negative events |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal: Brain perceives stressor-pituitary gland secretes ACTCH-travels to adrenal glands-adrenal glands secrete cortisol (increases glucose in bloodstream) and nor/ephinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger |
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Term
| Tend-and-Befriend Response |
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Definition
| females’ tendency to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances rather than flee or fight in response to stress |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Definition
Pattern of stress with three stages: Alarm stage-emergency reaction that prepares body to fight or flee (immunity kicks in because could get injured)
Resistance stage-defenses prepare for a longer, sustained attack against the stressor (immunity increases somewhat)
Exhaustion stage-variety of physiological and immune systems fail |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility (most important), inability to relax (higher incidence of heart disease) (depression also affects it) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant |
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Term
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Definition
| part of coping process during which people evaluate their response options and choose coping behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor-
Avoidance, minimizing problem, distance oneself from problem etc |
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Term
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Definition
people take direct steps to confront and minimize a stressor-
Generating solutions/weighing costs-benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| person focuses on good things in his/her situation-silver lining (downward comparisons and creation of positive events) |
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Term
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Definition
| Important for love, relationships, attachment, bonding, trust, sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by an excessive fear of becoming fat and thus a refusal to eat |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging |
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Term
| Categorical vs Dimensional Approach |
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Definition
categorical approach-either/or evaluation, fails to capture differences in severity
dimensional approach-considers mental disorders along continuum, vary in degree |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic model that views psychopathology as result of interaction between individuals and their cultures |
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Term
| Cognitive-behavioral approach |
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Definition
| diagnostic model that views psychopathology as result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
| mental disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to earlier trauma |
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Term
| Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia |
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Definition
| fear of being negatively evaluated by others |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may be difficult/impossible |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions (Causes: glutamate, caudate) |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness (Major if guilt, suicidal thoughts, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania |
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Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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Definition
| periods of depression that correspond to shorter days of winter |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| mild to moderate severity, less intense symptoms of major depression |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by disturbances in identity, affect, and impulse control |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| marked by lack of empathy and remorse |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by a split between thought and emotion-alterations in thoughts, perceptions, or consciousness |
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Term
| Positive vs Negative Symptoms (Schiz.) |
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Definition
Positive-marked by excesses in functioning, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior
Negative-deficits in functioning, apathy, lack of emotion, slowed speech and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality |
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Term
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Definition
| false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source |
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Term
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Definition
| mindless repetition of words |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and by restricted interests (more common in males) |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity, Accident prone, unable to focus, need directions/rules constantly repeated, Miss subtle social cues, unintentional mistakes |
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Term
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Definition
| Rogers: empathic approach to therapy-encourages people to fulfill their individual potentials for personal growth through greater self-understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment based on premise that behavior is learned and therefore can be un-learned through the use of classical and operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| based on idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions; treatment attempts to modify these thought patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on circumstances-relationships client attempts to avoid |
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Term
| Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy |
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Definition
| based on principles from mindfulness meditation; Help clients become more aware of negative thoughts/feelings when they are vulnerable, and help them disengage from these through meditation |
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Term
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| benzodiazepines, increase activity of GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| MAO inhibitors; also allows more serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine |
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
| inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters (namely serotonin and/or norepinephrine); named for atomic structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (Prozac) used for treating depression |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| administering a strong electrical current to patient’s brain to produce seizure-effective for severe depression |
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Term
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
| powerful magnetic field generated, produces electric current in brain |
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Term
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Definition
| surgically implanting electrodes deep within brain (Parkinson's) |
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Term
| Anxiety Disorders (Treatment) |
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Definition
| CBT best treatment, For OCD SSRIs could help (Deep Brain Stimulation exploratory) |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy/Drugs: SSRIs, MAOIs, Tricyclics, Bupropion (Extreme ECT) |
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Term
| Bipolar Disorder (Treatment) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Schizophrenia (Treatment) |
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Definition
| DRUGS: Reserpine (ingredient?), chlorpromazine (drug), clozapine, Risperdal and Zyprexa, |
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Term
| Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) |
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Definition
| combines elements of behavioral and cognitive treatments with mindfulness of eastern meditative practices (Best for Borderline Personality Disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ritalin/Adderall (Central nervous stimulant methylphenidate ) |
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Term
| Applied Behavioral Analysis |
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Definition
| intensive treatment for autism based on operant conditioning (most effective if started early) |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors |
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Term
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Definition
| view selves as connected to others-emphasize conformity, cohesiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| stress self as separate from others, rights/freedoms, self-expression, diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| people evaluate own actions/abilities/beliefs by contrasting them with others |
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Term
| Self-Evaluative Maintenance |
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Definition
| feel threatened when someone close to them outperforms them on personally relevant task |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluative aspect of self-concept (emotional response to personal characteristics) |
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Term
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Definition
| self-esteem mechanism for monitoring likelihood of exclusion |
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Term
| Terror-Management Theory of Self-Esteem |
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Definition
| self-esteem gives meaning to people's lives, protects from horror that they will eventually die |
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Term
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Definition
| individual’s awareness of differences between personal standards and goals leads to strong emotions |
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Term
| Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) |
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Definition
| what regulates alertness/arousal (Eysenck: Resting high in introverts, low in extroverts) |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways |
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Term
| Temperaments (Characteristics) |
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Definition
Activity level-amount of energy and behavior person exhibits
Emotionality-intensity of emotional reactions
Sociability-general tendency to affiliate with others |
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Term
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Definition
| tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively direct assessments of personality, based on info gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings |
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Term
| Idiographic approaches (personality) |
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Definition
| person-centered approaches to studying personality-focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on how common characteristics vary from person to person |
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Term
| cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) |
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Definition
| personalities fail to predict behavior across different circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| Schizovirus (born in late winter), mutations in genes related to brain development and neurological function?, ventricles enlarged |
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Term
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Definition
May come from disturbed families (poor parenting etc)
Clear genetic component-55% in identical twins
Connection between frontal lobes/limbic system impaired-reduced activity in these regions |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic Component (Heritable, abnormal DNA), knows biological basis |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency in monoamines, Damage to left prefrontal cortex, |
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