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Chapters 9, 10, and 12
emotion/motivation, personality, psychological disorders
95
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/14/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
7 emotions recognized by people everywhere
Definition
sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happness, and surprise
Term
The emotion wheel
Definition
eight basic emotions with more complex emotions as combinations of the basic ones
Term
The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions:
Definition

-Limbic system (fight or flight response)

-Reticular formation (constantly scanning environment, always alert for threats, built-in alarm system)

-Cerebral Cortex (conscious processing, associates with postive and negative emotions)

-Autonomic Nervous System (gets body ready to take care of self in face of the threat)

-Hormones (endorphins)

Term

Psychological Theories of Emotion:

James-Lange Theory

Definition
an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion (emotion happense becuase of physiological response)
Term

Psychological Theories of Emotion:

Cannon-Bard Theory

Definition
an emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time; one is not the cause of the other; both as a result of cognitive appraisal
Term

Psychological Theories of Emotion:

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

Definition
Two-factor theory: emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and (2) an explanation for the arousal due to environmentl stimulus
Term

Psychological Theories of Emotion:

Lazarus Theory of Emotion

Definition
an emotion-provoking stimulus triggers a cognitive appraisal, which is followed by the emotion and the physiological arousal
Term

Psychological Theories of Emotion:

Facial-Feedback Hypotheses

(Sylvan Tomkins)

Definition
claimed that the facial expression itself--that is, the movement of the facial muscles producing the expression--triggers both the physiological arousal and the conscious feeling associated with the emotion
Term
Sensation Seekers
Definition
individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people
Term
Motivation
Definition
all processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities
Term
Types of Motivation
Definition

-Drive (biologically instigated motivation)

-Motive (internal mechanism that direct behavior; often used to describe motivations that are learned, rather than biologically based)

-Intrinsic motivation (desire to engage in an activity for tis own sake; e.g. hobbies)

-Extrinisc motivation (desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence)

-Conscious motivation: having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire

-Unconscious motivation (having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire)

Term

Theories of Motivation:

Instinct Theory

Definition

view that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors

 

Fixed-action patterns: genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus

Term

Theories of Motivation:

Drive Reduction Theory

Definition

a theory of motivation suggesting that a need creates an unpleasant state of arousal or tension called a drive, which impels the organism to engage in behavior that will satisfy the need and reduce the tension

 

homeostasis: the body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition

Term

Theories of Motivation:

Locus of Control

Definition
an individual's sense of where his or her life influences originate--internally ("I am in charge of the outcome of my life") or externally (fate, bad luck, not in my control)
Term

Theories of Motivation:

Freud

Definition

motivation for behaviors is largely unconscious

 

eros: positive motivation

 

thanatos: aggressive motivation

Term

Theories of Motivation:

Maslow's Humanistic Theory

Definition

Hierarchy of needs: the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic

 

Biological => Safety => Attachment => Esteem => Self-Actualization

Term
Overjustification
Definition
the process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation, as when a child receives money for playing video games
Term

Scientific Study of Sexuality:

Kinsey

Definition
Interviewed 17,000 American concerning their sexual behavior
Term

Scientific Study of Sexuality:

Master and Johnson

Definition
Sexual response cycle: four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Psychoanalysis

Definition
Freud's system of treatment for mental disorders
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

the Unconscious

Definition
psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Drives and Instincts

Definition

Eros: drives people toward acts taht are sexual, life-giving, and creative

 

Libido: drives people to experience sensual pleasure

 

Thanatos: drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors

Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Personality Structure

Definition

Id: primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories

 

Superego: mind's storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience

 

Ego: conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id

Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Psychosexual stages

Definition

successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life

 

Oral Stage (birth => 1 year)

Anal Stage (1 year => 3 years)

Phallic Stage (3 years => 6 years)

Latency Stage (6 years => puberty)

Genital Stage (puberty => on)

Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Fixation

Definition
occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Oedipus Complex

Definition
according to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Identification

Definition
the mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Penis envy

Definition
according to Freud, the female desire to have a penis--a condition that usually results in their attraction to males
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Definition

Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experiences of conflict or anxiety

 

Repression

Projection

Reaction Formation

Sublimation

Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Projective Tests

Definition

Rorschach Inkblot Technique

 

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:

Psychic Determinism

Definition
Freud's assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Carl Jung:

the Unconscious

Definition

Personal Unconscious: portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud's id

 

Collective Unconscious: Jung's addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive "memories" including the archetypes, which exist in all people

Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Carl Jung:

Archetypes

Definition

Animus: the male archetype (assertiveness, aggressive nature)

 

Anima: the female archetype (caring, nurturing, creativity)

 

Shadow: archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don't want to recognize in ourselves (destructive characteristics)

Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Carl Jung:

Introversion

Definition
the Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience--one's own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Carl Jung:

Extraversion

Definition
the Jungian personality dimension involving turning one's attention outward, toward others
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Karen Horney:

Basic Anxiety

Definition
an emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment
Term

Psychodynamic Theories:

Karen Horney:

Neurotic Needs

Definition

signs of neurosis

 

these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme

Term

Humanistic Theories:

Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality

Definition
self-actualizing personalities: healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials
Term

Humanistic Theories:

Carl Roger's Fully Functioning Person

Definition

-Fully Functioning Person: term for a self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent wtih reality

-Phenomenal field: our psychological reality, composed of one's perceptions and feelings

-Unconditional positive regard: love or caring without conditions attached

Term
Positive Psychology
Definition
movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others
Term
Reciprocal Determinism
Definition
process in which the person, situation, and environment mutually influence each other
Term
Current Trend in Personality Theory
Definition

Family Systems Theory: what role does each person play within the family system

 

Cultural Differences: individualism vs. collectivism

 

Gender Influences: in many situations, men and women perceive things differently

Term
Temperment
Definition
basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual's behaviors
Term

Traits

Definition
stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions
Term
The "Big Five" Traits
Definition

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Oppenness to experience

Conscientiousness

Term
Type
Definition
expecially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person's personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people
Term
Personality-Situation Controversy
Definition

theoretical dispute concerning the relative contibution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior

 

sort of like the nature vs. nurture controversy

Term
Psychopathology
Definition
any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals
Term

Concepts of Psychological Disorder:

the Cognitive-Behavioral approach

Definition

Behavioral perspective: abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning--operant and classical conditioning

 

Cognitive perspective: abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes--how people perceive themselves and their relations with others

Term
Indicators of Abnormality
Definition

Distress

Irrationality

Unconventionality and undesirable behavior

Maladaptiveness

Unpredictability

Term
DSM-IV Classification System
Definition

fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

 

the most widely accepted classification system in the United States

Term

Mood Disorders:

Major Depression

Definition

form of depression that does not alternate with mania

 

risk of suicide with this disorder is a concern

 

causes can be biological, cognitive, environmental

 

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight

Term

Mood Disorders:

Bipolar Disorder

Definition

mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression

 

Mania: pathologically excessive elation or manic excitement

 

Depression: pathological sadness or despair

Term

Anxiety Disorders:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Definition
characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause
Term

Anxiety Disorders:

Panic Disorder

Definition
marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person's present experience
Term

Anxiety Disorders:

Agoraphobia

Definition
fear of public places/open spaces
Term

Anxiety Disorders:

Phobia or Phobic Disorder

Definition
disorder involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation
Term

Anxiety Disorders:

Preparedness Hypothesis

Definition
notion that we have an innate tendency to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors
Term

Anxiety Disorders:

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Definition
condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors
Term

Anxiety Disorders:

Tics

Definition
Unwanted, involuntary movements and twitches, such as exaggerated eye blinks
Term

Somatoform Disorders:

Definition

Definition
psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints
Term

Somataform Disorders:

Conversion Disorder

Definition

paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause

Term

Somatoform Disorders:

Hypochondriasis

Definition
excessive concern about health and disease
Term

Dissociative Disorders:

definition

Definition
group of pathologies involving "fragmentation" of the personality
Term

Dissociative Disorders:

Dissociative Amnesia

Definition
a psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information (but still remember how to talk, what language they speak, etc.)
Term

Dissociative Disorders:

Dissociative Fugue

Definition
dissociative amnesia with the addition of "flight" from one's home, family, and job
Term

Dissociative Disorders:

Depersonalization Disorder

Definition
abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated
Term

Dissociative Disorders:

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Definition
Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities (aka split personality disorder)
Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Schizophrenia

Definition
psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions
Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Major Types of Schizophrenia:

Disorganized

Definition
features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior
Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Major Types of Schizophrenia:

Catatonic

Definition
involves stupor or extreme excitement
Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Major Types of Schizophrenia:

Paranoid

Definition
prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations
Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Major Types of Schizophrenia:

Undifferentiated

Definition
persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories
Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Major Types of Schizophrenia:

Residual

Definition
individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms
Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Major Types of Schizophrenia:

Positive

Definition

any form in which the person displays active symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations)

 

easier to treat, comes on more quickly, behaviors that can actually be observed

Term

Schizophrenic Disorders:

Major Types of Schizophrenia:

Negative

Definition

any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes

 

harder to treat, more chronic, slower onset, lasts longer

Term
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Definition

evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found ina variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry

 

Diathesis-stress hypothesis: genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder

Term

Sexual Dysfunctions:

Fetishes

Definition
person needs some object or action to get aroused
Term

Sexual Dysfunctions:

Transvestitism

Definition
people who get aroused by dressing as the other gender (but they're not transsexuals)
Term

Sexual Dysfunctions:

Voyeurism

Definition
getting aroused by watching other people (undressing, having sex, etc.)
Term

Sexual Dysfunctions:

Pedophilia

Definition
aroused by children (child molesters)
Term

Sexual Dysfunctions:

Gender Identity Disorder

Definition
people who think they were born the wrong gender, want to change gender (transsexuals)
Term

Sexual Dysfunctions:

Arousal Disorders

Definition
people who have problems getting aroused
Term

Personality Disorders:

definition

Definition
conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control
Term

Personality Disorders:

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Definition
characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention
Term

Personality Disorders:

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Definition
characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others
Term

Personality Disorders:

Borderline Personality Disorder

Definition
an unstable personality given to impulsive behavior
Term

Personality Disorders:

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Definition
an obsessive need for attention, flirtatious and seductive in behavior and dress, dramatic and erratic behavior
Term
Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions
Definition

Mild Depression

Marital Problems

Physical Complaints

Academic Problems

Parent-Child Problems

Job Problems

Bereavement

Malingering

Term

Developmental Disorders:

Autism

Definition
a developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person's state of mind
Term

Developmental Disorders:

Dyslexia

Definition
a reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder
Term

Developmental Disorders:

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Definition
a developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period
Term

Developmental Disorders:

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Definition
developmental disorder characterized by defiance to authority
Term
The Plea of Insanity
Definition
Insanity: a legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law
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