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Chapters 8, 9, and 13
Government 2305
68
Political Studies
Undergraduate 3
07/30/2008
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Term
bureaucracy
 Definition
A form of hierarchical organization that is everywhere today is a _.
Term
neutral competence
 Definition
A bureaucracy aspires to _.
Term
efficient; expert
 Definition
Bureaucratic decision making can be more _ and _ than democratic decision making.
Term
accountability
 Definition
The central problem of a bureaucracy is _.
Term
Pendleton; Hatch
 Definition
The _ Act and _ Act changed the federal bureaucracy into a civil service.
Term
spoils system
 Definition
Before the federal bureaucracy was a civil service, it ran on a _.
Term
patronage
 Definition
The spoils system which used to run the federal government was _-based.
Term
red tape
 Definition
Though cumbersome and irritating, _ helps increase accountability.
Term
lower-level
 Definition
Red tape eliminates the discretion of _ bureaucrats.
Term
departments
 Definition
The cabinet has grown from three _ to fifteen.
Term
regulatory boards and commissions
 Definition
Besides the fifteen cabinet departments, there are hundreds of independent agencies and _.
Term
government corporations
 Definition
Business is done in the federal bureaucracy by _.
Term
clientèle groups
 Definition
The growth of the nation's bureaucracy was caused by expansion and special economic and social _.
Term
regulations
 Definition
Emergence of new problems in a bureaucracy require solutions and _.
Term
bureaucratic discretion
 Definition
Besides carrying out the laws, government agencies make policy using _.
Term
Federal Register
 Definition
Government regulations are published in the _.
Term
bureaucratic culture
 Definition
How agencies operate is called _.
Term
whistleblowers
 Definition
Mistakes and conflicts of interest are often reported by _.
Term
an iron triangle
 Definition
Congress, interest groups, and agencies form an alliance called _.
Term
issue networks
 Definition
Those who believe relationships are more complex than a simple iron triangle speak of _.
Term
citizen advisory councils
 Definition
Statutes subject some policy decisions to consideration by _.
Term
sunshine laws
 Definition
Meetings that are required to be held in public are done so because of _.
Term
Freedom of Information Act
 Definition
Copies of federal records are available through the _.
Term
Privacy Act of 1974
 Definition
The _ gives people the right to find out what the government has on file about them.
Term
courts
 Definition
One of the main functions of a democratic society is conflict resolution through the _.
Term
common law tradition
 Definition
The American legal system is based on legislation, but its practice evolved from _.
Term
precedent
 Definition
American law uses _ by judges.
Term
substantive
 Definition
Laws that cover what we can and cannot do are called _.
Term
procedural
 Definition
Laws that establish the procedures used to enforce law are called _.
Term
due process
 Definition
Procedural laws guarantee us procedural _.
Term
criminal
 Definition
Laws that are concerned with behavior considered undesirable by the government are _.
Term
civil
 Definition
Laws that cover interactions between individuals are _.
Term
Constitutional
 Definition
Laws referring to precedents established over time are _.
Term
statutory
 Definition
Laws made by Congress and state legislatures are _.
Term
administrative
 Definition
Laws made by the bureaucracy are _.
Term
executive orders
 Definition
If a president issues rules, they are called _.
Term
judicial review
 Definition
Marbury v. Madison established the power of _.
Term
jurisdictions
 Definition
The American dual court system has state and federal courts with different _.
Term
original
 Definition
Cases come directly to courts that have _ jurisdiction
Term
appellate
 Definition
Cases being taken to higher levels go to courts that have _ jurisdiction.
Term
senatorial courtesy
 Definition
Appointments of judges to federal courts often involve _.
Term
strict constructionism
 Definition
Belief that the Constitution should be interpreted literally is called _.
Term
judicial interpretivism
 Definition
The opposite of strict constructionism is _.
Term
judicial activism
 Definition
Those who adhere to _ feel comfortable overturning precedents.
Term
judicial restraint
 Definition
Practitioners of _ believe in stare decisis and reject lawmaking by courts.
Term
writ of certiorari
 Definition
A _ is a petition to the Supreme Court from someone who lost in a low court.
Term
Rule of Four
 Definition
The _ is what determines if the Supreme Court will hear a case.
Term
solicitor general
 Definition
The lawyer of the United States, the _, helps decide if the country is involved in a case.
Term
amicus curiae briefs
 Definition
Petitions to the Supreme Court by interest groups are called _.
Term
opinion
 Definition
The _ is the written part of the decision of the Supreme Court.
Term
concurring opinions
 Definition
The _ are written agreements with the opinion of the Supreme Court.
Term
dissenting opinions
 Definition
The _ are written disagreements with the opinion of the Supreme Court.
Term
mass media
 Definition
Forms of communication such as television and the Internet are called _.
Term
blogs
 Definition
Personal opinions on the Internet are called _.
Term
commercial bias
 Definition
Large corporations that own media outlets create a _ in the news we get.
Term
gatekeepers
 Definition
Journalists who decide what to cover in the news are called _.
Term
revolving door
 Definition
The _ is the practice of taking a government job and then returning to reporting.
Term
priming
 Definition
Emphasizing issues that will be important to politicians is called _.
Term
framing
 Definition
Deciding whether to cover war casualties or war victories is called _.
Term
selective perception
 Definition
The protection against priming and framing is called _.
Term
Hose-race journalism
 Definition
The tendency to see politics as competitions between individuals is called _.
Term
sound bite
 Definition
The audio equivalent of a snapshot is a _.
Term
feeding frenzy
 Definition
When journalists pursue one scandal and avoid other topics, it is called a _.
Term
news management
 Definition
Efforts of a politician's staff to control information about her or him is called _.
Term
spin
 Definition
An interpretation of the news that is most flattering to an issue is called _.
Term
leaking
 Definition
Secretly revealing confidential information to the press is called _.
Term
political accountability
 Definition
Having to answer to the public for actions is called _.
Term
civic journalism
 Definition
The attempt to restore news gathering to its watchdog and information-provider role is called _.
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