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| Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal directed behavior. |
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| Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior |
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| Inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species. |
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| State of tension or arousal that motivates behavior. |
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| Theory that behavior is pushed from within to restore homeostasis (regularity) such as eating when hungry. |
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| State of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively. |
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| An unlearned drive, such as hunger, that is based on a physiological state. |
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| A learned drive, such as ambition, that is not based on a physiological state. |
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| Theory of motivation that proposes that organisms seek an optimal level of arousal. |
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| States that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates. |
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| External stimulus that prompts goal-directed behavior |
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A desire to perfom a behavior that stems from the behavior performed.
Doing something for the pure enjoyment of the act. |
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| A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment. |
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| The level of this in your blood determines your hunger. |
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| Contains both a hunger center and a satiety center |
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| Unlearned motive, such as curiosity or contact, that prompts us to explore or change the world around us. |
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| Behavior aimed at doing harm to others, also, the motive to behave aggressively. |
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| The need to excel, to overcome obstacles. |
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| The need to be with others |
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| States that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies, and emotions result from those physiological changes. |
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| States that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes |
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| States that emotional experience depends on one's perception or judgment of the situation one is in. |
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| Izard's universal emotions |
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| Working from Charles Darwin's theory that certain emotional and facial expressions have an evolutionary basis, believes there are 10 universal emotions that can be seen in infants. |
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| Culture-specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate. |
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| An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations |
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| Personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact with the individual, often outside conscious awareness. |
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| In Freud's theory, all the ideas thoughts and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware. |
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| The theory of personality Freud developed as well as the form therapy he invented. |
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| In Freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression. |
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| According to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct. |
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| Freud's term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscious (superego), and instinctual needs (id); often used as a synonym for self. |
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| According to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world. |
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| According to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and the ego ideal. |
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| The part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be. |
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| According to Freud, the energy generated by the sexual intinct |
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| According to Freud, a Partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development |
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| First stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which the infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips, and tounge. Birth to 18 months. |
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| Second stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which a child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination. (And on pooping). Ego begins to develop here. 18 months to 3 years. |
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| Third stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals. Superego develops here. 3 to 7 years old. |
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| Oedipus complex and Electra Complex |
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| According to Freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in phallic stage. |
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| In Freud's theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage. |
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| In Freud's theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality. |
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| In Jung's theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individual's repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas. |
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| In Jung's theory of personality, the level of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species. |
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| In Jung's theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, which are stored in the collective unconscious. |
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| According to Jung, our public self, the mask we put on to represent ourselves to others. |
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| According to Jung, a person who usually focuses on social life and the external world instead of on his or her internal experience. |
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| According to Jung, a person who usually focuses on his or her own thoughts or feelings. |
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| According to Adler, the person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weaknesses. |
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| In Adler's theory, the fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional and social paralysis. |
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| Horney's term for irrational strategies for coping with emotional problems and minimizing anxiety. |
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| Humanistic personality theory |
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| Any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning |
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| According to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts, or the images they have of themselves... |
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| According to Rogers, an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his or her own inborn capacities or potentials |
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| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| In Rogers' theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of our behavior. |
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| Conditional positive regard |
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Definition
| In Rogers' theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on behaving in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions. |
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| Dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways. |
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| A statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects; used by Cattell to identify cluster's of traits. |
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| Five traits or basic dimensions currently thought to be of central importance in describing personality |
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| Cognitive-social learning theories |
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| Personality theories that view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognitions, learning and past experiences, and the immediate environment. |
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| In Bandura's view, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways. |
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| According to Rotter, an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control. |
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| According to Bandura, the expectancy that one's efforts will be successful. |
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| In Bandura's theory, standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations. |
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| Personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way. |
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| Personality tests, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material. (Like Ink Blot tests) |
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| The scientific study of the ways in which the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of one individual are influenced by the real, imagined, or inferred behavior or characteristics of other people. |
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| Knowledge and understanding concerning the social world and the people in it (including oneself) |
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| A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience |
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| The fact that early information about someone weighs more heavily than later information in influencing one's impression of that person. |
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| The process in which a person's expectations about another elicits behavior from the second person that confirms the expectation. |
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| The theory that addresses the question of how people make judgments about the causes of behavior. |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| The tendency of people to overemphasize personal causes for other people's behavior and to underemphasize personal causes for their own behavior. |
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| The tendency to attribute our successes to our own efforts or qualities and our failures to external factors. |
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| Attribution error based on the assumption that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people. |
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| How close two people live to each other |
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| The concept that relationships are based on trading rewards among partners. |
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| Fairness of exchange achieved when each partner in the relationship receives the same proportion of outcomes to investments. |
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| Relatively stable organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavior tendencies directed toward something or someone --- the attitude object. |
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| The tendency for an individual to observe the situation for cues about how to react. |
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| Frustration-aggression theory |
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| The theory that under certain circumstances people who are frustrated in their goals turn their anger away from the proper, powerful target and towards another less powerful target that is safer to attack. |
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| Authoritarian personality |
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| A personality pattern characterized by rigid conventionality, exaggerated respect for authority, and hostility towards those who defy society's norms. |
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| Perceived inconsistancy between two cognitions |
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| Change of behavior in response to an explicit REQUEST from another person pr group |
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| Change of behavior in response to a COMMAND from another person, typically an authority figure. |
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| A loss of personal sense of responsibility in a group. |
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| Helping behavior that is not linked to personal gain. |
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| The tendency for an individual's helpfulness in an emergency to decrease as the number of passive bystanders increases. |
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| Arouses behavior, maintains behavior, and directs behavior |
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Definition
| 3 things that motive does. |
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| The amount of calories your body requires at rest |
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| "Stop eating" center of the brain. |
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| Hormone produced by fat cells, helps to tell us when we are full. |
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| Frustration can lead to aggression if the individual has seen someone else act in this way |
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| TAT - Tematic Aspiration Test |
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Definition
| Example of a projective personality test where you are asked to tell stories of pictures you see. |
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