Term
| requirements for a search warrant |
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Definition
- probable cause
- neutral and detached magistrate
- particularity |
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Term
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Definition
| objective, reasonable, reliable information |
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Term
| neutral and detached magistrate |
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Definition
| written affidavit presented to a judge or magistrate |
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Term
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Definition
| specify the place, items, name and description of the individual |
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Term
| sources of information for probable cause |
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Definition
- reliable police informant
- firsthand knowledge
- co-conspirator
- victim of the crime
- witness
- fellow law enforcement officer |
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Term
| exigent circumstances of street searches |
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Definition
- prevent escape, harm or destruction of evidence
- hot pursuit
- provide aid |
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Term
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Definition
- reasonable suspicion needed to briefly pat down
- when reasonable fear of safety is not dispelled (if person person is armed and dangerous, i.e. Terry v. Ohio) |
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Term
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Definition
| Landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures is not violated when a police officer stops a suspect on the street and frisks him without probable cause to arrest, if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person "may be armed and presently dangerous" |
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Term
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Definition
- no warrant and probable cause
- Fourth Amendment right is waived
- third-party consent |
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Term
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Definition
- One occupant can consent (i.e. United States v. Matlock)
- If there are two occupants present and one objects, the search is illegal (i.e. Georgia v. Randolph) |
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Term
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Definition
| Supreme Court of the United States case in which the Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures was not violated when the police obtained voluntary consent from a third party who possessed common authority over the premises sought to be searched; ruling established the "co-occupant consent rule" |
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Term
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Definition
| Case in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that without a search warrant, police had no constitutional right to search a house where one resident consents to the search while another resident objects |
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Term
| search incident to arrest (warrantless) |
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Definition
- search immediately after the arrest
- search only the suspect and immediate area |
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Term
| automobile search (warrantless) |
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Definition
-to protect the safety of the officer (knife or other weapon in view, search passenger compartment)
- suspect is arrested and the car has evidence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Allows an officer to seize – without a warrant – evidence and contraband found in plain view during a lawful observation |
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Term
| drug enforcement strategies |
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Definition
- supply reduction strategy
- demand reduction strategy
- gang suppression
- G.R.E.A.T. |
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Term
| supply reduction strategy |
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Definition
- buy and bust
- "trading up"
- long-term undercover work
- drug crackdown |
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Term
| demand reduction strategy |
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Definition
| Drug education programs such as D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) |
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Term
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Definition
- specialized unit (i.e. police gang unit)
- sworn officers who engage in gang control effort |
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Term
| Gang Resistance Education & Training Program (G.R.E.A.T.) |
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Definition
- operates in all 50 states
- not very effective at preventing students from joining gangs |
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Term
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Definition
- metaphor for disorder, deterioration and crime in neighborhoods
- neighborhood deteriorates, citizens (law abiding citizens) move away due to fear and eventually serious predatory crimes takes place |
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Term
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Definition
- social disorder
- physical disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition that exists when a group is faced with social change, disharmony and conflict (i.e. public drinking, street corner gangs, noisy neighbors, street level drug sales and use) |
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Term
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Definition
| Societal neglect which results in physical decay in neighborhoods (i.e. vandalism, dilapidation, abandon buildings and buildup of trash) |
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Term
| [T/F] Evidence is conclusive that disorder creates crime. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- perceptions of crime, fear of crime, and victimization are related to physical and social disorder
- results criticized by Eck and Maguire |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder and crime is related to social cohesion |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical and moral decay have indirect and direct effects on crime (controlled for social cohesion) |
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Term
| Issues addressed by community policing (beyond crime) |
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Definition
- order maintenance
- conflict resolution
- problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
- Citizens are assistants/they will help with information
- Instituting foot patrols, bike patrols, getting out of patrol cars
- Cleaning up frayed neighborhoods and fixing “broken windows”
- Focus on precursors to crime (non-criminal public disorder)
- Focus on smaller crimes which will prevent bigger crimes
- Adapting to internal elements of the organization to support these new strategies |
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Term
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Definition
- Citizens have positive feelings toward police departments
- Increased citizens’ feelings of safety
- Mixed findings on crime reduction effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| policing where "community" has collapsed |
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Definition
| More successful with middle-income citizens, homeowners and whites than poor renters and racial minorities |
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Term
| Does community policing work? |
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Definition
| Study funded but the COPS office states that the community policing strategies implemented by the Clinton administration were very effective |
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Term
| programmatic complexity (difficult examining effectiveness of community policing) |
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Definition
| No one definition of community policing or no universal set of program elements |
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Term
| multiple effects (difficulty examining effectiveness of community policing) |
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Definition
| Intended and unintended effect is considerable (influences disorder, attitudes, fear of crime, crime etc.) |
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Term
| variation in program scope (difficulty examining effectiveness of community policing) |
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Definition
| Strategies vary from a single-officer's assignment to department-wide efforts |
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Term
| research design limitation (difficulty examining effectiveness of community policing) |
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Definition
- No control group
- No randomization |
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Term
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Definition
- Argued that policing should attempt to find permanent resolution to problem responsible for the initial call
- Argued police should be able to focus on their goals of solving problems (policing is a tool to reach that goal, not a goal in itself) |
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Term
| four stages of problem-oriented policing |
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Definition
S.A.R.A.
- scanning
- analysis
- response
- assessment |
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Term
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Definition
| Officer scans the area and identifies shared problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Officer collects information on the scope, nature and cause (actors, incidents, past responses) |
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Term
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Definition
| Information collected is used to develop and implement potential solutions to the identified problems (not symptoms of the problem) |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluate the effectiveness of the response |
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Term
| Briarfield Apartments (Newport News, VA) |
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Definition
- Residents felt that burglaries and deteriorated conditions of their neighborhood was a problem
- Increased police presence in area which reduced reported burglaries by 60% (temporary effect)
- Apartments were later demolished and new apartments and a shopping center were built |
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Term
| vehicle thefts in Newport News Shipyards |
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Definition
- Thefts from vehicles parked at the shipyards accounted for 10% of the crimes in Newport News
- Police officers were able to identify a few repeat subjects and made arrests
-Vehicle theft reduced by more than 55% |
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Term
| Boston Gun Project: Operation Cease Fire |
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Definition
- 70% reduction in youth-gang homicides
- 21% reduction in residents’ fear of crime
- 33% increase in faith in police |
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Term
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Definition
- Based on broken windows theory
- Interventions that aggressively enforce criminal and civil laws
- Does not attempt to specifically identify problems or thoroughly analyze its causes
- Place-specific interventions
- A back-to-basics strategy |
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Term
| zero-tolerance policing in NYC |
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Definition
- Instituted by Giuliani
- Focused on panhandling, vandalism, public drunkenness, public urination, and prostitution
- Found decrease in serious crime rate (however, part of a nation-wide trend) |
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Term
| Operation Restoration (Chandler, AZ) |
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Definition
- Increased physical and social disorder (i.e. doors off hinges, trash, broken/missing windows)
- Units were created that were responsible for enforcing city code violations to reduce physical disorder and enforce order maintenance laws
- Resulted in decrease in public morals crimes like prostitution, disorderly conduct and physical disorder |
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Term
| conflict between police and the public |
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Definition
- Promotes aggressiveness from officers
- Increased number of citizen complaints |
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Term
| increase in crime (in the long run) |
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Definition
| An arrest record has a negative impact on immediate and future employment |
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Term
| Impact on poor and minority communities |
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Definition
| The focus on minor offenses affected poorer minority communities more |
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