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Definition
| a process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules and release waste products |
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Definition
| a type of cellular respiration in which O2 is consumed and CO2 is released |
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| series of chemical reactions in which each step is catalyzed by a chemical reaction; glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation |
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| Three energy intermediates |
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Definition
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| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| a method of synthesizing ATP that occurs when an enzyme directly transfers a phosphate from an organic molecule to make ADP |
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| Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) |
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Definition
| cycle that results in breakdown of carbohydrates to carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| biochemical cycle in which particular molecules enter while others leave; process is cyclical because it involves a series of organic molecules that are regenerated with each turn of cycle |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| process during which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to make more ATP via phosphorylation of ADP |
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| Electron transport chain (ETC) |
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Definition
| Group of protein complexes and small organic molecules within inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts and plasma membrane of prokaryotes; components accept and donate electrons to each other in linear manner of redox reactions; produce H+ electrochemical gradient with positive charge outside matrix |
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Definition
| enzyme that utilizes energy stored in H+ electrochemical gradient for synthesis of ATP via chemiosmosis |
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Definition
| breakdown of organic molecules in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
| breakdown of organic molecules to produce energy without any net oxidation of an organic molecule |
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Definition
| synthesis and breakdown of molecules and macromolecules found in all forms of life and essential for cell structure and function |
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Definition
| synthesis of chemicals not essential for cell structure and growth and usually not required for cell survival but are advantageous to the organism (called secondary metabolites) |
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Definition
| phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyketides |
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Definition
| antioxidants with intense flavors and smells |
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Definition
| bitter tasting molecules for defense |
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Definition
| intense smells and colors |
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| process whereby light energy is captured by plant, algal, or bacterial cells and used to synthesize organic molecules from CO2 and H2O (or H2S) |
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Definition
| organism that cannot produce own organic molecules and must obtain organic food from other organisms |
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Definition
| organism that has metabolic pathways that use energy from either inorganic molecules or light to make organic molecules |
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Definition
| organism that uses energy from light to make organic molecules from inorganic sources |
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Definition
| semiautonomous organelle found in plant and algal cells that carry out photosynthesis |
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Definition
| a photosynthetic green pigment found in chloroplasts of plants algae, and some bacteria |
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Definition
| internal tissue of plant leaf; site of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| surface pores on plant surfaces that can be closed to retain water or open to allow entry of CO2 needed for photosynthesis and the exit of oxygen and water vapor |
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Definition
| membrane within chloroplast that forms many flattened, fluid filled tubules (thylakoids) that enclose a single, convoluted compartment (thylakoid lumen); contains chlorophyll, site where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occurs; stack on top of each other to form granum (plural, grana) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled region of chloroplast between thylakoid membrane and inner membrane |
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Term
| Two stages of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| light reactions and Calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| photosystems II and I absorb light energy and produce ATP, NADPH, and O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP used as source of energy, NADPH used as source of high-energy electrons so CO2 can be incorporated into carbohydrate |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from peak of one light wave to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete particles that make up light; massless and travel in wavelike patterns |
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Definition
| molecule that can absorb light energy |
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Definition
| type of photosynthetic or protective pigment found in plastids that imparts a color that ranges from yellow to orange to red |
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Definition
| diagram that depicts wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are absorbed by a pigment |
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Definition
| rate of photosynthesis plotted as a function of different wavelengths of light |
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Definition
| P680 → Pp → QA → QB → Cytochrome complex → Pc → PSI → P700 → Fd → NADP+ reductase |
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Term
| Cyclic phosporylation (cyclic electron flow) |
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Definition
| pattern of electron flow in thylakoid membrane that is cyclic and generates ATP alone |
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Term
| Light harvesting complex (antenna complex) |
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Definition
| component of PSI and PSII composed of several dozen pigment molecules that are anchored to proteins in thylakoid membranes of chloroplast; role is to absorb photons of light |
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Definition
| site where oxidation of water occurs in photosystem II during photosynthesis |
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Definition
| phenomenon in which maximal activation of pigments in PSI and PSII is achieved when organisms are exposed to two wavelengths of light (680 nm and 700 nm simultaneously) |
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Definition
| model depicting series of energy changes of an electron during light reactions of photosynthesis; electron absorbs light energy twice, resulting in energy curve with zigzag shape |
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Term
| Three stages of Calvin cycle |
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Definition
| carbon fixation, reduction and carbohydrate production, and regeneration of RuBP |
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes first step in Calvin cycle |
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Definition
| metabolic process occurring in C3 plants that occurs when enzyme rubisco combines with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide and produced only one molecule of 3PG instead of two, thereby reducing photosynthetic efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporate CO2 into organic molecules via RuBP to make 3PG, a three-carbon molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2 into simple sugars; adaptation to hot, dry environments |
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