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the process by witch our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimuls energies from our enviroment
Bottom up processing |
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The process of orgainzing and interperting sensory information, enabling us to reconize meaningful objects and events
involves the active interpertation of sensory stimuli |
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the expirence of light is a qualtiy produced by the visual sytem in the brain, not in the eye
Direct Method: 62 year old man, blind since 36. Camera wired directly to his visual cortex. he is able to read large letters and navigate around a room with out bumping into furniture.
you see with your brain not with your eyes you can loose your retnia but you do not loose the ability to see as long as your brain is intact |
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the innermost layer of the retnia mase up of photosenstive cells that convert light everygy into nerve impluses
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| make synaptic connections between rods and cones and ganglion cells |
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| on the inside surface of the retnia. the axons of these cells converge to form the optic nerve. these axons are long and go all the way to the thalmus. if an image strikes at a point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, you will not see it. This is known as your blind spot |
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by for the most senstive part of the retnia. it is less than one square millimeter in size. whenever you focus on anything, you are essentially placing the image on your fovea
Contains only cones 50000 in each. vision is far superior when an image is placed directly on the fovea for two reasons. 1. each foveal cone has a direct connection to the brain. 2. foveal vision is not clouded by bipolar and ganglion cells |
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| Active mainly in daylight vision. allows us to see all colors in the spectrum as well as black, white, and gray. there are roughly 6.5 million cones in the retina of each eye |
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| function mainly under reduced illumination when cones are nonfunctional in the evening, you see with your rods. rods only allow you to see black,white, and gray. They are 100 times more senstive to light than are cones and also very senstive to movement which serves as a survival mechanish. there are approximiately 125 million rods in each retnia |
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| The transition of day to night vision takes about 30 minutes. this is the time needed for the photosenstive chemical, rhodopsin, to build up in the blurred. However, if you are wearing red goggles prior to entering darkness, you will have no trouble because long wavelengths (red) will not break rhodopsin down |
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| requries about 10 minutes, the time required for the buld up of iodopsin in the cones. so, you are likely to be wearing one blue and one brown sock if you dress immediately |
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| Young Hemhotlzz trichomatic theory |
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| theory that the retnia contains 3 different color receptors one most senstive to red one to green one to blue. which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color |
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| the process of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural made of information processing for many functions, including vison. contrast with the step by step processing of most computers and of concious problem solving |
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| the theory that opposing retinal process enable color vision. For example some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red: others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green |
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| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a paticular stimilus 50% of the time |
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| below ones absloute threshold for concious awareness |
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| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time aka jnd |
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| the activation, often unconsciously od certian assocations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory or response |
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| diminshed sensitivty as a consequence of a constance stimulation |
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| the chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the chocleas oval window |
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| the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks the pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. the "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain |
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a type of learning in which ine learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events
we learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain |
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| learning that certian events occour together. the events maty be 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
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we also learn to repeat acts that bring good results and to aviod acts that bring bad results
known as instramental or skinnerian |
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| observational conditioning |
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| watching others we learn new behaviors |
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| the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without refrence to mental process. most research psychologist today agree with 1 but not with 2 |
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| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicts no response before conditioning |
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| in classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occouring response to the unconditioned stimilus, such as salavation when food is in the mouth |
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| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automaticly triggers a response |
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| in classical conditioning the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimilus |
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in classical conditioning a previously neutral stimilus that, after assocation with an unconditoned stimilus comes to trigger a conditioned response
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behavior that occours as a automatic response to some stimulus
known with classical conditioning
Ex: such as salavating in response to meat powder and later in response to a tone |
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a type of learning in which behavior is strenthened if followed by a reinforcer or dimishnished if followed by a punisher
the punishing stimuli is operant behavior |
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| behavior that operates on the enviorment, producing consequences |
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| in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimilus that, when presented after a response, srengthens that response
Simplier
when a behavior is followed by a pleasant stimilus that INCREASES the frequency of that behavior |
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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a negative reinforcer is any stimilus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punshment)
Simpiler
When a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus thereby INCREASING the frequency of that behavior |
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| food is made contigent on bar pressing; in other words, the organism is rewarded for emitting desired response |
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| since food increasesthe rate of responding, by defination, food is a reinforcer. anything that increases the rate of responding is labeled as reinforcement |
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| just as cr decreases when a cs is presented alone again and again, in operant conditioing, responding decreases when reinforcement stops |
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- basic idea- organism learns, associations between events it doesnt control
- response- involuntary, automatic
- acquisition- assocation events, NS is paired with US and becomes CS
- Extinction- CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone
- Spontainous recovery- the reaperance after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
- Generalization- the tendency to respond to simular stimuli to the CS
- Discrimination- the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other Stimuli that do not signal a US
- Cognitive process- organisms devlop expecation that CS signals the arival of US
- Biological predispositions- natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can eaisly be associated
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- Basic Idea- organism learns assocations between its bahavior and resulting events
- Response- voluntary, operates on enviroment
- Acquisitiion- associating response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher)
- Extinction-responding decreases when reinforcement stops
- spontainous recovery- the reapperance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response
- Generalization- organisms reponse to simular stimuli is also reinforced
- Discrimination- organisim learns that certian responses, but not others, will be reinforced
- Cognitive process- organisms devlop expecation that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning, without reinforcement
- Biological predispositions-organisms best learn behaviors similar to thier natural behaviors; unatural behaviors instinctivly drift toward natural ones
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classical conditioning and drug abuse
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- CS location, needle, drug buddies
- Hypothermia: decrease in body tempature, chills
- increase in heartrate
- increase in pain sensitivity
- dysphoria; generalized feeling of unhappiness physically and mentally
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US:drug
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hypothermia:increase in body tempture
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decrease in heart rate
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decrease in pain sensitvity
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euphoria: good feeling physically and mentally
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| when a behavior is followed by an aversive (unpleasent) stimilus that results in a DECREASE in that behavior |
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