Term
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Definition
failure to conform to society norms and values
(not the same in all societies) |
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Term
| What does deviant behavior do for society? (4) |
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Definition
1.unifies groups
2.lets us know where lines are
3.limits future deviant beh.
4.creates safety valve |
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Term
| What are sanctions? 2 examples |
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Definition
other peoples responses to a persons behavior.
1) rewards
2) punishments |
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Term
| What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions? |
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Definition
formal sanctions are a public ritual
(awards or announcments)
Informal sanctions are less structured
(gossip) |
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Term
| What is the difference between a social group and a social aggregate? |
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Definition
Social groups-ppl with things in comon
Aggregates-ppl just in close proximity, riding the same train. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group or category inwhich one follows in hopes of defining themselves as so. |
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Term
| How might the addition of a third person (triad) affect a dyad? |
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Definition
| A third person might create uncertainty or competition amongst the group. more common in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Splinter groups within a larger group. |
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Term
| What is the difference between GEMEINSCHAFT and GESELLSCHAFT? |
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Definition
GEM, relation is intimate and personal
GES, relation is impersonal and independent.
(GEM,meaningful. GES, "Just give them the shaft!) |
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Term
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Definition
| System of beliefs and values. |
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Term
| What is social solidarity? |
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Definition
| conforming to societies beliefs and values. |
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Term
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Definition
| when organizations become dominated by indivi that are only in it to gain power. |
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Term
| Give examples of INFORMAL positive and negative sanctions. |
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Definition
Pos- smiles, hugs, pats on back.
Neg-frowns, damaging gossip |
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Term
| Give examples of FORMAL pos and neg sanctions |
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Definition
Pos-Rituals, ceremonies, public affairs
Neg-Expulsion, fines, imprisonement |
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Term
| Explain the Biological theory. |
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Definition
mostly disproved, some evidence indicates that neurotransmitter levels may play a role in impulse control.
However, many ppl have lower neuro’s and do not commit crimes. |
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Term
| Explain the Psycological theory. |
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Definition
| Ppl are rewarded or punished based on their behavior. True for those avoiding criminal acts as well as those engaging in criminal acts. |
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Term
| Explain Durkheim's Anomie theory. |
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Definition
| deviant behavior can be understood only in relation to the specific moral code it violates. Everyone preforms certain tasks in society, if they dont they pose a threat. |
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Term
Explain Merton's Strain theory.
Name (4). |
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Definition
Believed that the goal of financial success combined with the unequal dist of opprotunity in our society is what created deviance.
1.innovator
2.ritualist
3.retreatist
4.rebels |
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Term
| Define innovator, ritualist, retreatist, and rebels. |
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Definition
Innovator accepts goals, finds new ways to attain them.
Ritualist finds they cant defeat the goals, and become strict followers.
Retreatist pull back altogether, and dont pursue goals at all.
Rebels reject goals and achieving them. |
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Term
| List Sykes & Matza's 5 Techniques of Neutralization. |
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Definition
1.Denial of responsibility.
2.Denying the injury.
3.Denial of the victim.
4.Condemnation of authorities.
5.Appeal to higher authorities. |
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Term
| Explain the theory of differential association. |
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Definition
| the central notion that criminal behavior is learned in the context of intimate groups. |
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Term
| Explain Lemert's Labeling theory. |
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Definition
| labeling someone defiant can bring outmore deviant behavior. |
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Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? |
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Definition
Primary deviance is the original beh that lead to being labeled.
Secondary deviance is the beh in reaction to being labeled. |
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Term
| What do wilson and hermsteing argue? |
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Definition
crime is a rational choice.
-ppl choose to do one thing as oppose to another bc of consequences.
-at any given moment a person can make a choice. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the consensus approach to law? |
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Definition
| that laws are merely a formal version of the norms and values of the people. |
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Term
| What is the conflict approach to law? |
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Definition
| upper class use their power for their own interest, economically, instead of the lower class as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that violates the legal code. |
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Term
| Name the two broad types of crime, followed by the two smaller crimes and define. |
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Definition
Violent crime, injury to person.
Property crime, no threat or force.
Juvenile crime, any crime ages 17 and younger.
White-collar crime, high prestige level that dont get prosecuted bc of their rank in society. |
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Term
| what is recidivism? Diversion? |
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Definition
recidivism is repeating the beh after being punished.
diversion is pointing a juvenile in another direction such as rehab instead of jail. |
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Term
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Definition
| categories of ppl that share similar opprotunities and lifestyles. |
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Term
| List the class system (5). |
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Definition
Upper-class
Upper Middle-class
Lower Middle-class
Working class
Lower class |
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Term
| List the percentages of each one of the 5. |
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Definition
Upper class 1-3%
Upper Middle 10-15%
Lower Middle 25-30%
Working class 25-30%
Lower class 15-20% |
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Term
Myth 1:Ppl are poor bc they are too lazy to work.
How is this wrong? |
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Definition
Half of them are not of working age. 40% is younger than 18 10% 65+.
minimum wage is not enough to live on, family wise. |
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Term
myth 2: Most poor ppl are minorites, and most minorites are poor
How is this wrong? |
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Definition
| Most poor ppl are white, bc there are more of them. Majority of long term poor is blacks bc of civil rights movement. |
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Term
| Myth 3: Most of the poor are single mothers with children |
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Definition
| True, poor people usually live in other family arrangements to survive. |
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Term
Myth 5: Welfare programs for the poor are straining the federal budget.
How is this wrong? |
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Definition
| welfare mostly goes to middle class americans not the poor. |
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Term
| Regarding the control theory, what does Hirschi argue and what are the 4 ways inwhich someone bonds to society? |
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Definition
1.attachment-you are attached.
2.committment-you commit to conform.
3.involvement-you are involved in conventional activities.
4.belief-moral validity of social rules
all of these are reasons why you wont be deviant. |
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Term
| Name the 3 ways we measure crime. |
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Definition
1.FBI uniform crime report
2.National Crime Victim survey (NCVS)
3.National violence against women survey (NVAW) |
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Term
| What is the Gini coefficient? |
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Definition
| measures amout of inequality in society. US .45 Africa is very unequal. |
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