Term
| Stages of Societal Development |
|
Definition
| Hunting/Gathering Society, Horticultural/Pastoral, Agricultural, Industrial, Postindustrial (information) |
|
|
Term
| Name the difference between Primary and Secondary Groups |
|
Definition
| Family, characterized by intimate face-to-face interactions giving us our identity; Secondary are larger, temporary, formal and impersonal groups such as worker, student, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Name the difference between in-groups and out-groups |
|
Definition
| in-groups are groups we feel loyalty to; out-groups we feel antagonism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves |
|
|
Term
| Social Networks "small world phenomenon" |
|
Definition
| social ties radiating outward from self that link people together; in Milgram hypothesized that everyone is 'six degrees of seperation' from knowing everyone in the U.S., later disproved, not to be confused with Milgram's shock tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and consider themselves belonging together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group small enough for everyone to interact drectly with ALL the other members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest possible group, two members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of three, changes interactions of the first two members (exponentially increases for each new member) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alignment of some members of a group against others |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 types (not styles) of leaders - define each |
|
Definition
| Instrumental Leader (tries to keep group moving towards goals without getting sidetracked), Expressive Leader (increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group - socioemotional) |
|
|
Term
| Name and Discuss the 3 Leadership STYLES |
|
Definition
| Authoritarian (leads by giving orders), Democratic Leader (leads by reaching a consensus), Laissez-faire leader (leads by being permissive) |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the Asch Experiment |
|
Definition
| Studied group conformity by showing a large card with 1 vertical line, then another card with three lines, asked to identify matching line. Results found out if the group answers the wrong answer under a no pressure situation, 33% often gave the wrong answer (one of many experiments that helped people understand how the Holocaust happened) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set up an experimenter to ask questions to someone, upon receiving the wrong response the volunteer was told to shock the staged experimentee, eventually this shock got very high, most people went all the way to the highest setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, alternatives = disloyalty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using rules, efficienty and practical results (logic) to determine human affairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Past = best guide to the present (agrarian societies) |
|
|
Term
| Rationalization of Society |
|
Definition
| widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations built around this idea ("Let's find the most efficient way of doing this" = industrialization) |
|
|
Term
| Weber's explanation of why Capitalism only worked in certain areas of Europe |
|
Definition
| Weber hypothesized that capitalism flourished in Protestant countries due to the 'Protestant Work Ethic'. According to him, Protestantism itself coincides with Capitalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic system based on private ownership of means of production, pursuit of profit, market competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, clear division of labor, an impersonality of positions, and emphasis on written rules/communcations/records |
|
|
Term
| Name some example positions in a bureaucracy |
|
Definition
| Board---> President---> Vice President for Academic Affairs/Personnel/Development/etc---> College of Education/Sciences/Business/etc---->Department of Pyschology===>Department Chair====>Faculty====>Student |
|
|
Term
| Name some problems with bureaucracies |
|
Definition
| Red Tape (rules are rules [Vogons from Hitchikers Guide]), Lack of Communication between units, Alienation (lack of connection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea that members of an organization are promoted all the way until the level of their incompetence; there they cease to be promoted (incompetence across the board) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the goal is achieved, the organization continues (NATO after the Cold War, organizations designed to find a cure continuing after the cure) |
|
|
Term
| de Tocqueville's voluntary associations |
|
Definition
| group made up of people who voluntarily organize towards a mutual interest (Boy Scouts, Eagles, Church groups) |
|
|
Term
| Voluntary Association purposes |
|
Definition
| Advance interests, Identity, preserve social order, mediate between government, mainstream political organizations (NAACP), etc |
|
|
Term
| Robert Michel's "Iron Law" of Oligarchy |
|
Definition
| tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| termed Iron Law of Oligarchy |
|
|
Term
| Humanizing a work setting |
|
Definition
| Idea that it is the job of a bureaucracy to promote unity through things like child care, work teams, stock ownership, security, training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Violation of norms, written law! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a normal identity (blindness, obesity, disease, race) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group's usual and customary social arrangements on which its members depend and based their lives around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group's formal and informal means of enforcing norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attempts to show disapproval for breaking a norm (from a frown all the way to prison sentencing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reward or Positive Reaction for following Norms |
|
|
Term
| Degradation Ceremony (Garfinkel) |
|
Definition
| rituals designed to remake the self, strips individuality and stamps a new one (boot camp!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In-born tendencies, specifically towards a crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muggings, rapes, burglary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A personality disturbance cuases an individual to violate norms |
|
|
Term
| Differencial Association Theory (Sutherland) |
|
Definition
| Idea that we learn to deviate from or conform to society's norms primarily based on our associations with other groups (Different Associations) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coined Differencial Association Theory |
|
|
Term
| Control Theory by Reckless |
|
Definition
| Two systems work against our tendencies to deviate, inner and outer (inner-internalized morality, outer-people who influence us not to deviate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Labels poeple are given affect their own/others' perceptions of them, thus channeling behavior into deviance or conformity (whore, geek, how these words affect us) |
|
|
Term
| Tchniques of Neutralization by Sykes and Maza |
|
Definition
| ways of rationalizing that help people Neutralize society's norms (helps us sleep at night 'I'm not responsible because...' |
|
|
Term
| Functionalism, what does deviance cause? (Durkheim) |
|
Definition
| Clarifies boundaries/affirms norms, promotes social unity, promotes social change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea that society teaches people to desire a cultural goal (ie wealth), but witholds from many the means of reaching that goal |
|
|
Term
| Institutionalized Means (for goals) |
|
Definition
| Approved, standard ways of achieving something (education) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legitimate objectives held by society (wealth, status) |
|
|
Term
| Illegitimate Opportunity Structure |
|
Definition
| opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life (robbery to attain wealth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crimes committed by people of high status in the course of their occupations (bribery) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crimes committed by execs to benefit corp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| System of police, courts, prisons set up to deal with those accused of crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % of released convicts to be rearrested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by Medicalization of Deviance? |
|
Definition
| to make deviance a medical matter, symptom of some illness to be treated (mental illness) |
|
|
