Term
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Definition
| The Genetics of sex is determined by the presence or absence of the "Y" Chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
Normal external genitals, abnormal ovaries
Normal intelligence, abnormal spatial relations and memory
XO genotype
Random error due to mom or dad missing "X" |
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Term
| Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) |
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Definition
Reduced fertility
Social awkwardness, reduced verbal skills
May require hormone treatment to reduce female characteristics in puberty |
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Term
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Definition
Intelligence below normal XY male
Abnormal sperm
Antisocial and criminal behavior - property |
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Term
| Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Have Relatively Mild Effects |
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Definition
Nielsen and Wohlert (1991) assessed 13,000 newborns born over a 13-year period.
None with sex chromosome abnormalities were mentally retarded. All were in regular school.
No increases in criminal activity, psychological disorders or physical disorders in group with sex chromosome abnormalities. |
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Term
| First Stage of Prenatal Development |
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Definition
| Development of gonads - after the 6th week, the sex-determining region of the "Y" chromosome - SRY - gene is expressed in males |
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Term
| Second stage of prenatal development |
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Definition
| Differentiation of internal organs - fetuses contain both a Wolffian male system and a female Mullerian system. Absence of testosterone leads to development of female. |
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Term
| Third Stage of prenatal development |
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Definition
| External genitalia - Masculinization of male external genitalia requires stimulation by 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone produced in the testes. |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
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Definition
A defective gene produces abnormal (insensitive) androgen receptors in an XY male fetus.
Outward appearance, brain gender and gender identity is typically female.
Typically do not know that they have a male brain |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
Masculinizes female genitalia - large clitoris, etc.
Males may mature earlier |
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Term
| 5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency |
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Definition
In 5-alpha-reductase deficiency, external genitalia are ambiguous, and child is raised as a female.
Internal organs are male, as unconverted testosterone is responsible for their masculinization. |
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Term
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Definition
Saliva is mixed with food in the mouth.
Swallowed food is mixed with acid and pepsin in the stomach.
Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine.
Indigestible material is formed into feces in the large intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broken down into simpler sugars, like glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broken down into amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Broken down into fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Used immediately, or stored as fat in adipose tissue for later use (Glucose can also be stored in liver when converted to glycogen) |
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Term
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Definition
Brain uses only glucose as its nutrient source
Other cells can use glucose or fatty acids
If blood glucose runs low, liver converts glycogen to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps store excess glucose as glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
Destruction of insulin-produced cells
Glucose stays in blood, doesn't get to cells
Children
Extreme thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
Adults
Obesity leads to insulin resistance
Can be controlled through healthy diet |
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Term
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Definition
External - sight, smell, time, environment
Internal - stomach growling, stored fat, glucose availability |
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Term
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Definition
Glucoreceptors in nucleus of solitary tract (NST)
Receives input from the taste system |
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Term
| Brian Mechanisms for Hunger |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurochemicals and Hunger |
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Definition
Fat cells that are full secrete leptin
Arcuate nuclear responds to leptin levels |
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Term
| Lateral Hypothalamus and Hunger |
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Definition
LH lesions inhibit eating and will cause starvation
Electrical stimulation of the LH produces eating |
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Term
| Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) |
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Definition
| Communicates widely between the hypothalamus and the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Released by the LH during fasting and communicate with the cortex, midbrain, and pons
Injection of orexins increases eating behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Stomach fullness, leptin, release of CCK (antagonizes eating)
aMSH and CART |
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Term
| Weight Gain in VMH Syndrome |
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Definition
Produces weight gain and picky eating
Disrupt pathways linking PVN and NST
Excess insulin production |
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