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Definition
| the projecting of a motive onto an ambiguous external stimulus via imagery |
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Definition
| the extent to which a task provides information about something |
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| a motive assessed indirectly because it's relatively inaccessible to consciousness |
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Definition
| the degree to which an action can satisfy a particular need for a person |
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| inhibited power motivation |
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Definition
| the condition of having more need for power than for affiliation but restraining its use |
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Definition
| cognitive-affective clusters organized around readiness for a particular kind of experience |
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Definition
| the dispositional tendency toward a high or low motive |
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Definition
| an unsatisfactory internal condition that motivates behavior |
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Definition
| the need to feel pleasure in overcoming obstacles, to attain goals, to do things well |
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Definition
| the need to form & maintain relationships, to spend time with others, & to be with people |
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Definition
| the need for close communication & sharing with someone else, for warm/close/communicative exchanges with another person |
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Definition
| the need to have influence over other people, to impact others, to have prestige, & to feel strong |
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Definition
| study of the entire person |
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Term
| picture story exercise (PSE) |
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Definition
| any one of a family of tests that uses stories written about pictures to assess motive strength through narrative fantasy |
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Definition
| an external stimulus that increases the level of a motive |
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Definition
| a motive that's consciously reported |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| a particular method of assessing the strength of a motive through narrative fantasy about a picture |
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Definition
| needs reflected in overt behavior |
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Definition
| needs not reflected in behavior |
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Definition
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| 3 outcomes of a high need for achievement |
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Definition
1. choice of moderately difficult tasks
2. higher performance in some domains
3. similar behavior to those wanting to avoid failure |
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Term
| 2 things that behavior reflects |
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Definition
1. system of multiple needs
2. changing balance of relative intensity of needs at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
1. power
2. affiliation-intimacy
3. achievement |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to with a given behavior can satisfy a need |
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Term
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Definition
| questionable reliability, time consuming, reflect implicit motives, tied to desire for broad/primitive/affective experiences, predict frequency of motive-relevant feelings |
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Definition
| reflect self-attributed motives, tied to desire for specific action goals, predict frequency of motive-relevant events |
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Definition
| a study of resemblances between children & their adoptive & biological parents |
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Definition
| some version of a particular gene |
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Definition
| the temperament tendency to approach rewards |
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Definition
| mating based on the choice of specific characteristics rather than at random |
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Definition
| the temperamental tendency to avoid threats |
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Definition
| the study of the inheritance of behavioral qualities |
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Definition
| testing specific genes because evidence links them to particular biological processes & theory links those processes to personality |
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Definition
| agreement on some characteristic between a twin & a co-twin |
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Definition
| evolution in which one extreme of a dimension is more adaptive than the other |
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Definition
| fraternal twins (overlapping genetically 50%, on average) |
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Definition
| a tendency toward frail thinness |
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Term
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Definition
| a tendency to be focused, restrained, & planful |
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Definition
| a tendency toward obesity |
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Term
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Definition
| an effect that isn't on DNA but affects DNA functioning & can be inherited |
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Term
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Definition
| activity in which the gene engages in the processes that create a protein |
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Term
| genetic similarity theory |
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Definition
| the idea that people work toward reproducing genes similar to their own |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of the genes contained in the full complement of chromosomes |
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Term
| genome-wide association study (GWAS) |
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Definition
| study in which all genes are tested at once |
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Term
| genomics/molecular genetics |
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Definition
| the study of how alleles of specific genes relate to other observed differences |
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Definition
| the particular version of a gene that a given person or group has |
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Definition
| gene-by-environment interaction, in which the environment produces different outcomes depending on genetic composition |
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Definition
| an estimate of how much variance of some characteristic is accounted for by inheritance |
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Definition
| the passing on of genes through the survival of relatives |
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Definition
| a tendency toward muscularity |
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Term
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Definition
| the attachment of methyl chemical groups to a gene or surrounding material |
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Term
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Definition
| identical twins (overlapping genetically 100%) |
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Term
| nonshared environment effect |
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Definition
| an effect of the environment that makes twins differ |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how much variance in a characteristic is attributable to genetics versus environment |
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Definition
| the characteristic of having more than one allele for a given gene |
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Definition
| helping others with the expectation the help will be returned |
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Definition
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Definition
| the study of the evolutionary basis for social behavior |
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Definition
| evolution in which intermediate values of a dimension are most adaptive |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited traits that appear early in life, present at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| a study comparing the similarity between MZ twins against the similarity between DZ twins |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual, non-random progress by which biological traits become more or less common by increasing or decreasing rates of survival |
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Term
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Definition
| applies to processes that affect reproductive success |
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Term
| evolutionary psychology is used to explain a lot of _____ adaptations |
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Definition
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Term
| correlations on self report or behavioral measures compared to produce a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____% of variability in "garden variety" personality traits are due to genes |
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Definition
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Term
| ______% of variability for major depression are due to genes |
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Definition
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Term
| _____% of variability for severe psychiatric disorders are due to genes |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 fundamental temperaments |
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Definition
1. activity level
2. sociability
3. emotionality |
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Term
| 3 techniques to study molecular genetics |
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Definition
1. linkage studies
2. candidate gene analysis
3. genome wide association studies |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals that mimic the body's tendency to rebuild muscle tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who displays impulsive action with little thought to consequences |
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Term
| avoidance/withdrawal system |
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Definition
| the part of the brain that regulates responses to punishment |
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Term
| behavioral approach system (BAS) |
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Definition
| the part of the brain that regulates pursuit of incentives, regulates movement toward desired states or objects, responsible for positive emotions (left prefrontal cortex), relates to conditioning involving positive outcomes but not negative outcomes, may be related to dopamine activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter believed to be especially important to approach regulation |
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Term
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| a record of overall electrical activity in higher regions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create a picture of activity inside the brain in different mental states |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance, low levels of which appear to be linked to anxiety disorders |
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Term
| impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking (IUSS) |
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Definition
| a trait involving the capacity to inhibit behavior in the service of social adaptation |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| a picture of activity inside the brain based on the brain's electromagnetic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that helps regulate several neurotransmitters & seems to be involved in constraint over impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical involved in sending messages along nerve pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that some researchers believe is important in anxiety responses |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that appears to be important in social bonding |
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Term
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Definition
| a therapy based on use of medication |
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Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| a picture of activity in the brain based on the brain's metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to seek our varied, unusual, & exciting stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that some researchers believe is involved in anxiety & others believe is involved in constraint over impulses, most studies relate it to negative emotions, low levels associated with anger/impulsive aggression, positively related to conscientiousness, suggestive that impulsiveness derives from a separate biological system |
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Term
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Definition
| a male sex hormone that influences a wide range of behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| reticular activating system |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic overarousal of RAS (have enough & don't seek it out) & withdraw to avoid overstimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic underarousal of RAS (seek out situations that increase arousal) & engage in stimulating activities to increase arousal |
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Term
| high _____ reflects easily aroused emotion centers in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| emotional arousal _____ behavior extremeness of introverts & extraverts |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 reasons why Eynsenck's Theory about the RAS is not currently the leading theory |
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Definition
1. RAS is not general system that regulates arousal across the whole brain
2. when environment is quiet, introverts & extraverts are equally aroused |
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Term
| BIS regulates movement _____ undesired states or objects |
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Definition
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Term
| BIS is which part of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| BIS is related to conditioning involving _____ outcomes |
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Definition
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