Term
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Definition
…The profession and scientific discipline directed to the recognition,
identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence by
application of the natural sciences in matters of law and science… |
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Term
| Laboratory & Technical Services |
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Definition
Fingerprints
DNA
Blood
Hair
Tool marks
Trace evidence (fibers, etc)
Glass
Paint |
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Term
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Definition
Identification by genetic code analysis in crime labs of blood samples and
samples of other body fluids.
Accuracy, reliability, and validity established by in-court testimony of DNA
experts in a growing number of cases. |
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Term
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Definition
The primary carrier of genetic information in living organisms.
Spiral structure resembling a “twisted ladder”
Found in all cells that contain a nucleus except red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genome = an individual’s DNA |
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Term
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis: |
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Definition
replicates exact copies of DNA contained in a biological evidence sample
without affecting the original, like a copy machine. |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction fragment length polymorphism |
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Term
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Definition
| Combined DNA Index System |
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Term
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Definition
1. Weapons – Firearms 7. Blood
2. Weapons – Knives 8. Hairs/Fibers
3. Drugs & Poisons 9. Dust, dirt, debris
4. Imprints & Impressions 10. Flammable liquids
5. Tool Marks 11. Glass
6. Traces of identity 12. Paint |
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Term
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Definition
13. Semen stains
14. Wood
15. Suspected poisoned food
16. Documents
17. Feces
18. Vomit
19. Urine |
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Term
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Definition
| radiation from incandescent gas or vapor |
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Term
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Definition
method of separating compounds to identify
components |
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Term
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Definition
| identification of crystalline solid or compound |
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Term
| Neutron activation analysis |
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Definition
technique that can analyze samples 100x
smaller for ordinary spectographic techniques |
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Term
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Definition
measures the distinctive radioactive gamma
ray emissions to identify elements from which the rays originate |
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Term
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Definition
Voiceprint identification
Cryptography
NCIC – National Crime Information Center |
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Term
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Definition
Requires law enforcement to collect and preserve biological evidence two
different ways:
First, any biological evidence collected from a crime scene at which certain
crimes are specified must be preserved.
Second, any adult arrested on a felony charge must submit to DNA collection.
The head of the arresting agency must arrange for the DNA specimen to be
collected from the suspect during the intake process at the jail, community-based
correctional facility, detention facility or law enforcement agency the suspect is
transported to after the arrest. |
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Term
Known identity
Vs.
Unknown identity |
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Definition
How does the investigator identify the suspect?
How do we investigate crimes? |
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Term
| The three factors necessary for the commission of a crime: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The choice of a particular crime to commit and the
selection of a method of completing it. |
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Term
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Definition
| What are they and why are they useful? |
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Term
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Definition
1. Did the victim know the perp? What is the relationship?
2. Does the victim suspect any person and why?
3. Does the victim have a history of crime?
4. Did the victim have a weapon?
5. Has the victim an aggressive personality?
6. Has the victim been the suspect of any field contact reports?
7. What is the license plate number and description of the victim’s car?
8. Was the victim mistaken for someone else? |
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Term
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Definition
| What leads can be derived from vehicles? |
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Term
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Definition
| What leads can be derived from weapons? |
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Term
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Definition
| What leads can be derived from fingerprints? |
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Term
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Definition
| Elimination prints (family, victim, police, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Request search: the investigator assigned to the case names one or
more suspects and asks for a search
2. Single-digit search: identification technicians search such files as
those containing other crime scene fingerprints or the ten-digit
fingerprints of repeat offenders or career criminals
3. Cold Search: identification technicians search through an entire ten
digit fingerprint file |
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Term
| Stolen Property – Tracing Sources |
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Definition
Department records
Other LE records
Vehicle inventories
Pawn shops / Game stop
Scrap metal yards
Others? |
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Term
| Stolen Property – Establishing Value |
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Definition
Retail outlets
Bank loans
Insurance companies
National Insurance Crime Bureau
www.nicb.org
National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN)
BATF |
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Term
| Sex Offender Registry / Offender Registration |
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Definition
Sexually Oriented Offender (offenders convicted prior to 1-1-08) must register once
annually for 10 years.
Habitual Sex Offender (offenders convicted prior to 1-1-08) must register twice annually for
20 years.
Sexual Predator (offenders convicted prior to 1-1-08) must register every 90 days for life.
Sexual predators are also subject to community notification, which means upon a change of
residential address, the County Sheriff will provide notice to a neighborhood within 1000
feet of a sexual predator's residential address. The County Sheriff will also provide notice to
schools, pre-schools, licensed day care providers, and law enforcement agencies within the
county. |
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Term
| Sex Offender Registry / Offender Registration |
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Definition
Tier I Sex Offender (offenders convicted after 1-1-08) must register once annually for 15
years.
Tier II Sex Offender (offenders convicted after 1-1-08) must register twice annually for 25
years.
Tier III Sex Offender (offenders convicted after 1-1-08) must register every 90 days for life.
Tier III sex offenders may also be subject to community notification when ordered by the
sentencing Court, which means if public notification was ordered by the sentencing Court,
upon a change of residential address, the County Sheriff will provide notice to a
neighborhood within 1000 feet of a Tier III Sex Offender's residential address. The County
Sheriff will also provide notice to schools, pre-schools, licensed day care providers, and law
enforcement agencies within the county. |
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Term
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Definition
America’s
Missing
Broadcast
Emergency
Response |
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Term
| AMBER Alert Criteria (Ohio) |
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Definition
1. The local investigating law enforcement agency confirms that an abduction has
occurred.
2. The child is under 18 years of age.
3. The child is in immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death.
4. There exists sufficient descriptive information concerning the abduction to believe
that activation of the alert will help to locate the child.
5. The investigating agency has information indicating the abductor intends or has
actually moved the child out of the local area.
6. If the child is a runaway or victim of a family abduction, information exists to believe
the child is in immediate danger of serious bodily harm or death. |
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Term
| Basic Investigative Leads and Information |
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Definition
Mug shots
Composite sketches
Injured suspects
Suspect & crime partners
How can they benefit the investigation? |
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Term
| Informant / Confidential Informant |
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Definition
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Term
| Confidential Informant Defined |
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Definition
A person who, through anonymity, provides information or assistance
about criminal activity to law enforcement agencies. |
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Term
| Confidential Informant Development |
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Definition
Fear of punishment
Revenge
Money
Wanna be
Repentance
Good citizen
A person who seeks to learn police tactics |
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Term
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Definition
| What problems exists with informants? |
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Term
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Definition
An observation of people and places by investigators to develop
investigative leads. |
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Term
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Definition
• Verify reliability of an informant
• To obtain information for a later interview or interrogation
• To obtain sufficient evidence in order to make an arrest or secure SW
• To prevent the commission of a crime
• To determine locations or drop points of illegal or stolen items
• To safeguard places, things or protect a witness
• Preparation for execution of SW, raid or apprehension |
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Term
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Definition
Fixed video
Stakeout
Moving visual
GPS (aka bird dog) |
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Term
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Definition
Fixed video
What are the pros and cons? |
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Term
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Definition
Covert video
What are the pros and cons? |
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Term
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Definition
Moving surveillance
What are the pros & cons? |
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Term
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Definition
GPS surveillance
What are the pros & cons? |
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Term
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Definition
Legal issues with video surveillance…
Right to privacy – where does it extend to? |
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Term
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Definition
| Covert, bugging, wiretapping |
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Term
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Definition
Dalia v. United States, 441 U.S. 238 (1979)
“We find no basis for a constitutional rule proscribing all covert entries. It
is well established that law officers constitutionally may break and enter
to execute a search warrant where such entry is the only means by which
the warrant effectively may be executed. |
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Term
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Definition
Dalia v. United States, 441 U.S. 238 (1979)
Legal questions posed:
1. May courts authorize electronic surveillance that requires covert entry
into private premises for the installation of the necessary equipment?
2. Must authorization for such surveillance include a specific statement
by the court that it approves of the covert entry? |
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Term
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Definition
Dalia v. United States, 441 U.S. 238 (1979)
Legal questions answered:
1. The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit per se a covert entry
performed for the purpose of installing of otherwise legal bugging eq.
2. Congress has given the courts statutory authority to approve covert
entries for the purpose of installing electronic surveillance equipment
3. The Fourth Amendment does not require that a Title III electronic
surveillance order include a specific authorization to enter covertly the
premises described in the order. |
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Term
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Definition
Dalia v. United States, 441 U.S. 238 (1979)
Legal questions answered:
1. The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit per se a covert entry
performed for the purpose of installing of otherwise legal bugging eq.
2. Congress has given the courts statutory authority to approve covert
entries for the purpose of installing electronic surveillance equipment
3. The Fourth Amendment does not require that a Title III electronic
surveillance order include a specific authorization to enter covertly the
premises described in the order. |
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Term
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Definition
Participant monitoring
One party consent
Debugging |
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Term
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Definition
Participant monitoring
Catch a thief
One party consent
Debugging |
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Term
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Definition
4th Amendment requirements
Outlined in Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act |
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Term
| Intelligence Led Policing… |
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Definition
| How can law enforcement use intelligence? |
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Term
| Intelligence Led Policing… |
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Definition
• Identifying and highlighting suspicious incidents and events that may require
further investigation
• Supporting pattern and trend analysis across multiple jurisdictions
• Enhancing the implementation of various policing methodologies to reduce
overall crime and disorder
• Integrating traditional and nontraditional law enforcement data to improve overall
analysis
• Educating the public with visual information to clarify crime concerns and enlist
community action
• Providing tools and techniques to capture crime series and forecast future crime
occurrences |
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Term
| Intelligence Led Policing |
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Definition
Crime mapping
Locations of drug activity, burglaries, etc
Gang activity
Traffic crash activity
Vandalism |
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Term
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Definition
Ethical or unethical?
Pros and cons?
Uses for UC officers? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Field lineup:
Photographic lineup:
Physical lineup: |
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Term
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Definition
A person to person conversation for the purpose of obtaining information
about a crime or its circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| To ask questions or to seek answers or information from an individual |
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Term
| Where should the interview be held? |
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Definition
What is the importance of rapport building?
What is the importance of credibility? |
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Term
| The structure of the interview… |
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Definition
Investigators need to be cognizant of their surroundings and adapt
accordingly.
Ask open ended questions and give them an opportunity to answer
Be an effective listener |
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Term
| The structure of the interview… |
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Definition
Four steps:
1. Open ended questions
2. Have them repeat their answer
3. Review notes with subject
4. Thank witness for cooperating |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the difference between hearing and listening? |
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Term
| Physical signs of deception |
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Definition
Comfort / discomfort
Emphasis
Synchrony
Perception management |
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Term
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Definition
Pheumograph – records respiration (breathing rate/depth)
Galvanograph – records electrodermal response
(skin electrical resistance chances)
Cardiograph – records changes in purse rate and blood pressure
GSR: galvanic skin response
- measures resistance of the skin to the passage of small electric
current |
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Term
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Definition
| Legal questions…and answers… |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Based on what notion?
• Memory records perceptions
• Perceptions stored in the brain at the subconscious level
• Accurately replays perceptions while under hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
An investigative technique used to enhance a witness’s ability to recall
events. |
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Term
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Definition
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