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Chapters 5,6,7,8
Midterm For PSY 100
65
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/06/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is Biological Rhythm
Definition

A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; it may or may not have psychological implications

 

 

 

Term
 What Is Endogenous
Definition
Generated from within rather than by external cues
Term

What is Circadian Rhythm

 

 

 

 

Definition
A Biological rythm with a period (from peak to peak through) of about 24 hours; for the Latin circa, "about," and dies, "a day."
Term
 What is Suprachiasmatic
Definition
An area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms
Term
What is One hormone regulated by the SCN Is what?
Definition

 

 

 

 

Melatonin

Term
What is occuring when people take airplain flights across different time zones.
Definition

 

 

 

Internal Desynchronization- A state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with one another

Term
What is it called when people become depressed during certain particular seasons??
Definition

 

 

 

Seasonal Affective disorder (SAD)- A controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring

Term
 What is the first stage of sleep?
Definition
Your brian waves become small and irregular, and you feel your self drifting on the edge of consciousness, in a state of light sleep. If awakened, you may recall fantasies or a few visual images
Term

What happens in the second stage of sleep?

 

 

Definition
Your brain emits occasional short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves called sleep spindles. Minor noises probably wont disturb you.
Term
What happens in the 3rd stage of sleep
Definition
In addition to the waves that are characteristic of Stage 2, your brain emits occasionally emits delta waves, very slow waves with very high peaks. Your breathing and pulse have slowed down, your muscles are relaxed, and you are hard to awaken.
Term
What takes place in the 4th stage of sleep
Definition
Delta waves have now largely taken over, and you are in deep sleep. It will probably take vigorous shaking or a loud noise to awaken you. Oddly, thought, if you walk in your sleep, this is when you are likely to do so. No one yet knows what causes sleepwalking, which occurs more often in children than adults, but it seems to involve unusual patterns of delta-wave activity
Term
Why do we sleep?
Definition
It is basically to provide a time-out period, so that the body can eliminate waste products from muscles, repair cells, conserve or replenish energy stores, strengthen the immune system and recover abilities lost during the day.
Term
Anothger cause of daytime sleepjess is what?
Definition
Sleep Apnea- A disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep causing the person to choke and gasp an momentarily awaking
Term

What is Sleep Apena

 

Definition
Sleep Apena is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily awaken.
Term
What is narcolepsy
Definition
A disorder involving sudden and uynpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM asleep
Term
What is REM Behavior Disorder
Definition
A disorder in which the muscle paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep and is absent or incomplete, and the sleeper is able to act out in his or her dreams
Term
What is Consolidation
Definition
The process by which a memory becomes durable and stable
Term
What is Lucid Dreams
Definition
Dreams in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming
Term
The fourth approach of dreaming is what?
Definition
Activation-Synthesis- The theory that dreaming results from thecortical syynthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain.
Term
What is hypnosis
Definition
A procedure in which the practitoner suggests changes in a subject's sensations, preceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
Term

The nature of Hypnosis

Definition
1) Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of person being hypnotized than on the skill of the Hypnotist
Term
The Nature of Hyponosis
Definition
2) Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against there will
Term
The Nature of Hypnosis
Definition
3) Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis
Term
The Nature of hypnosis
Definition
4) Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory
Term
The Nature of Hypnosis
Definition
6) Hypnotic  suggestions have been used effectively for many medical and psychological purposes
Term
What is dissociation
Definition
A Split in cosciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of others
Term
Classifying Drugs
Definition
Psychoactive drugs- drugs capable of influencing percepption, mood, cognition, or behavior
Term
Classifying Drugs
Definition
Stimulants- Drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system
Term
Classifying Drugs
Definition
Depressants- Drugs that slow activity in the central nervous system
Term
Classifying Drugs
Definition
Opiates- Drugs, derived from the opium poppy, that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria
Term
Classifying drugs
Definition

Psychedelic Drugs- Consciousnessaltering drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought processes, or disrupt the normal perception of time and space.

 

Term
The Physiology of drug effects 1
Definition
1) Experience with the drug refers to the number of times a person has taken it.
Term
The Physiology of drug effects 2
Definition
Individual characteristics include body weight, metabolism, inital state of emotional arousal, personality characteristics, and physical tolerance for the drug.
Term
The Physiology of drug effects 3
Definition
Environmental setting "refers to the context in which a person takes the drug
Term
The Physiology of drug effects 4
Definition
"Mental Set" refers to a person's expectations about the drug's effects and reasons for taking it
Term
Sensation is what
Definition
The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects
Term
What do we need to make sence of the world impinging our senses?
Definition
Perception- A set of mental operations that organizes sensory impulses into meaningful patterns.
Term
Sensation
Definition
The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects; it occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs
Term
Perception
Definition
The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information
Term
Sensation begins with what?
Definition
Sense Receptors- Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain
Term
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
Definition
The principle that different sensory modalilites exist because signals recived by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain
Term
Synesthesia
Definition
A Condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
The smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer
Term

Difference Threshold

Definition
The smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared, also called just noticeable difference (jnd)
Term
Signal detection Theory
Definition
A psychophysical theory that divides the detection of a sensory process and decision process.
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
The reduction or dissaperance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation us unchanging or repetitious
Term
Sensory Deprivation
Definition
The Absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation
Term
What we see 1
Definition
Hue- The dimension of visual experience specified by color names and related to the wavelength of light
Term
What we see 2
Definition
Brightness- Lightness or luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount (Intensity) of light emitted from or reflected by an object
Term
What we see 3
Definition
Saturation- Vividness or purity of color; the dimensions of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves
Term
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
Definition
The classical conditioning term for a stimulus that elicts a reflexive response in the absence of learning
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Definition
The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
The classical conditioning term for an initally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus 
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
The classical conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
Term
What is operant conditioning
Definition
The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences
Term

Reinforcement

Definition
The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows
Term
Punishment
Definition
The process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows.
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a physiological need; example food
Term
Primary Punisher
Definition
A stimulus that is inherently punishing; an example is electric shock
Term
Secondary Reinforcer
Definition
A Stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers
Term
Secondary Punisher
Definition
A Stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through association with other punishers
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increased in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
A reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur
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