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| Analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists |
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| Analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists |
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| What people do when they are in one another's presence |
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| The framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior |
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| According to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of tow groups: capitalists who one the means of production or workers who sell their labor |
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| The position someone occupies in a social group |
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| All the statuses or positions that an individual occupies |
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| A position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life |
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| A position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part |
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| Items used to identify a status |
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| A status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies |
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| Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy |
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| The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status |
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| The process by which people learn the characteristics of their groups- the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them |
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| eople who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group |
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| The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs |
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| The degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; aka social cohesion |
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| Durkheim's term for the unity that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks |
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| The splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties |
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| Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs |
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| A type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness |
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| A type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest |
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| Assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false |
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| The ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others |
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| An approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; aka dramaturgical analysis |
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| People's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them |
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| Places where we give performances |
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| Places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances |
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| The ways in which someone performs a role within the limits that the role provides; showing a particular style or personality |
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| Conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role |
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| Conflicts that someone feels within a role |
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| A term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self |
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| The collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly |
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| Techniques used to salvage a performance that is going sour |
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| The study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life |
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| A deeply embedded common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act |
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| William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation; "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." |
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| Social Construction of Reality |
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| The use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real |
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| The violation of norms written into law |
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| "Blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity |
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| A group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives |
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| A group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms |
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| An expression of disapproval for breakins a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution |
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| A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward |
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| Crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary |
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| The view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms |
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| Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions: of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant |
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| The idea that two control systems- inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate |
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| A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place |
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| The view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity |
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| Techniques of Neutralization |
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| Ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect societies norms |
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| The objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve |
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| Approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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| Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal, but withhold from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means to attain the cultural goal |
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| Illegitimate Opportunity Structure |
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| Opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life |
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| Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing |
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| Crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation |
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| The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime |
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| The proportion of released convicts who are rearrested |
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| The killing of several victims in three or more seperate events |
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| A crime that is punished more severely because it is motivated by hatred of someone's race- ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability, or national origin |
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| The practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter |
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| The practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter |
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| Medicalization of Deviance |
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| To make a deviance a medical matter; a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians |
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| The division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige, applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group. it is universal, and every society stratifies based on gender |
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| A form of social stratification in which some people own other people |
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| Bonded labor (Identured Service) |
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| A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is entered into voluntarily |
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| Beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements |
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| A form of social stratification in which people's statuses are determined by birth and are lifelong |
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| The practice of marrying within one's own group |
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| The enforced seperation of racial-ethnic groups as was practiced in South Africa |
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| Estate Stratification System |
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| The stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three groups or estates: the nobility, clergy, and commoners |
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| A form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions |
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| Movement up or down the social class ladder |
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| The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth |
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| Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production |
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| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
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| Marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production |
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| False Class Consciousness |
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| Marx's term to refer to workers idetnifying with the interests of capitalists |
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| A form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit |
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| The idea that the king's authority comes from God: in an interesting gender bender; also applies to queens |
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| The process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources |
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| Economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together |
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| Globalizion of Capitalism |
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| Capitalism becoming the globe's dominant economic system |
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| The assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children |
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| The economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations |
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| Companies that operate across national boundaries; aka transnational corporations |
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| Functionalist Perspective |
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1. replacing members
2. socializing new members
3. producing and distributing goods and services
4. preserving order
5. providing a sense of purpose |
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1. intimate distance- 18 in
2. personal distance- 18 in to 4 ft
3. social distance- 4 to 12 ft
4. public distance- 12 ft or more |
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| Internalized moreality- conscience, religious principles, ideas of right and wrong, fears of punishment, feelings of integrity, and desire to be good person |
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| Family, friends, and police- who influence us to not deviate |
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| Stronger Bonds, More Effective Inner Controls |
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| Bonds are based on attachments, commitments, involvements, and beliefs |
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| Types of Techniques of Neutralization |
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1. Denial of Responsibility
2. Denial of Injury
3. Denial of a Victim
4. Condemnation of the Condemners
5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties |
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| Deviance 3 Main Functions |
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1. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms
2. Deviance promotes social unity
3. Deviance promotes social change |
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| If mainstream rules seem illegitimate, you experience a gap that Merton called anomie, a sense of normlessness |
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1. Innovators- People who accept the goals of society but use illegitimate means to try to reach them
2. Ritualism- People who become discouraged and give up on achieving cultural goals
3. Retreatism- People reject both the cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them
4. Rebellion- Convinced that their society is corrupt, rebels, like retreatists, reject both society's goals and its institutionalized means; however they seek to give society new goals, as well as new means for reaching them |
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| Most prisoners are younger than 35, almost all are male, close to half of all prisoners are African Americans, on any given day 1 out of every 9 african american men ages 20 to 34 is in jail or prison |
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| (Wealth) only significant in determining a person's standing in society |
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| The ability to control others, even over their objections. Property is the main source of power, but not the only. prestige can be turned into power |
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| Its often derived from property and power, for people tend to admire the wealthy and powerful. It can be based on other factors such as an Olympic gold medalists might not own property or be powerful, yet they have high prestige |
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| Functionalists: Davis and Moore's Explanation on the Inevitability of Stratification |
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1. Society must make certain that its positions are filled
2. Some positions are more important than others.
3. The more important positions must be filled by the more qualified people.
4. To motivate the more qualified people to fill these positions, society must offer them greater rewards |
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| Conflict Theorists: Mosca's Explanation on the Inevitability of Stratification |
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1. No society can exist unless it is organized. This requires leadership of some sort in order to coordinate people's actions.
2. Leadership requires inequalities of power. By definition, some people take leadership positions, while other follow.
3. Because human nature is self-centered, people in power will use their postions to seize greater rewards for themselves |
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| Purpose of colonialism was to establish economic colonies- to exploit the nation's people and resources for the benefit of the "mother" country |
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