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Chapters 4 through 7
Government 2305
90
Political Studies
Undergraduate 2
07/14/2008
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Term
civil rights; civil liberties
 Definition
Powers that citizens have are defined by _ and _.
Term
power of government
 Definition
Civil liberties are spelled out in the Constitution to be limitations on the _.
Term
habeas corpus
 Definition
According to _, the government must tell prisoners why they are being held.
Term
bill of attainder
 Definition
A _ by the national or state government, which singles out a person or group as guilty, is illegal.
Term
ex post facto
 Definition
It is forbidden to make _ laws, which claim past actions are crimes.
Term
incorporation
 Definition
The act of _ makes national rights apply to states.
Term
selective incorporation
 Definition
The act of _ makes only certain national rights apply to states.
Term
establishment
 Definition
The _ clause prohibits the formation of a national religion.
Term
free exercise
 Definition
The _ clause makes it possible to practice any religion.
Term
separationist
 Definition
One who is a _ believes that a wall exists between church and state.
Term
accomodationists
 Definition
Those who are _ believe that the government should be involved in religion, but not have a preference.
Term
Lemon
 Definition
The _ test is used to determine if government is entangled with religion.
Term
compelling state interest
 Definition
The _ test is used to see if laws on religion go beyond legitimate power.
Term
police
 Definition
The government's _ power is what is used in controlling religious activity.
Term
expression
 Definition
Freedom of _ is the hallmark of the United States.
Term
assembly
 Definition
Freedom of expression and freedom of _ help limit corruption, protect minorities, and promote truth.
Term
clear and present danger
 Definition
According to the _ test, language is legal if there are no threatening circumstances.
Term
imminent lawless action
 Definition
The clear and present danger test was largely replaced by the _ test.
Term
sedition
 Definition
Speech that criticizes the government is called _.
Term
Miller
 Definition
The _ test of 1973 determines if something is obscene according to state laws.
Term
fighting words
 Definition
The category of _ which has a purpose of causing a disturbance is regulated.
Term
political correctness
 Definition
The _ of the 1980s and 1990s restricts language which demeans people.
Term
prior restraint
 Definition
A restriction on the press before its message is actually published is called _.
Term
libel
 Definition
Whereas verbal defamation is called slander, written defamation is called _.
Term
due process of law
 Definition
The founders believed that _ should be retained throughout court procedures.
Term
exclusionary
 Definition
The right to legal advice is called the _ rule.
Term
civil rights
 Definition
Throughout history, people with characteristics beyond their control have fought for their _.
Term
suspect classification
 Definition
Laws discriminating against people because of religion or race are making a _.
Term
strict scrutiny
 Definition
When suspect classification is used, it is subject to _.
Term
intermediate standard of review
 Definition
Laws discriminating according to gender must pass _.
Term
minimum rationality test
 Definition
Laws discriminating according to sexual orientation, age, or wealth must pass only the _.
Term
de jure; de facto
 Definition
African Americans have experienced both _ and _ discrimination.
Term
black codes
 Definition
Examples of de jure discrimination before the Civil War were the _.
Term
poll taxes; literary tests
 Definition
After Reconstruction, discrimination existed in grandfather clauses as well as in _ and _.
Term
Jim Crow laws
 Definition
Laws which were on the borderline of being illegal were called _.
Term
NAACP; boycotts
 Definition
African Americans defeated de jure discrimination using the _ and _.
Term
busing; affirmative action
 Definition
Controversial remedies to de facto discrimination are _ and _.
Term
English-only
 Definition
Hispanic people have worked to stem the success of anti-immigration and _ movements.
Term
Equal Rights Amendment
 Definition
Since the _ failed, women have depended on the courts to give them the protection of the law.
Term
representatives; national lawmakers
 Definition
Congress members are often at odds by being both _ and _.
Term
constituents
 Definition
The _ are the members of the group of electors and other citizens in a home district.
Term
policy representation
 Definition
Congressional work to advance the interests of the constituency is called _.
Term
allocative representation
 Definition
Congressional work to get projects and grants for the constituency is called _.
Term
pork barrel
 Definition
An example of benefits from allocative representation is called _.
Term
casework
 Definition
Taking care of individual problems for constituents is called _.
Term
symbolic representation
 Definition
Speaking at a high school commencement is an example of _.
Term
bicameral legislature
 Definition
The founders created a system of checks and balances centered around our _.
Term
reapportionment
 Definition
Congressional seats are allocated in states through the process of _.
Term
redistricting
 Definition
Individual areas are drawn up through _.
Term
gerrymandering
 Definition
The process of drawing up boundaries to favor one group is called _.
Term
racial gerrymandering
 Definition
Drawing lines to favor one ethnic group is called _.
Term
incumbency advantage
 Definition
A person running for office for an additional time has the _.
Term
coattail effect
 Definition
When Rick Perry ran for governor, he was using the _ of George Bush.
Term
midterm loss
 Definition
When the president's party drops seats in the off-year elections, it is called _.
Term
legislative oversight
 Definition
Making sure the executive offices are carrying out the law is called _.
Term
seniority system
 Definition
Leadership in Congress is determined by the _.
Term
standing committees
 Definition
Most of the work in Congress is done by _.
Term
House Rules Committee
 Definition
One of the most powerful standing committees is the _.
Term
select
 Definition
A temporary committee is called a _ committee.
Term
joint
 Definition
A committee from both houses of Congress is called a _ committee.
Term
conference
 Definition
A temporary committee from both houses of Congress is called a _ committee.
Term
legislative agenda
 Definition
Before Congress can take action on anything, it must be on the _.
Term
policy entrepreneurship
 Definition
The search for the right issue to push at the right time is called _.
Term
roll call vote
 Definition
An issue is returned from a committee to the floor, where it is subject to a _.
Term
cloture
 Definition
A vote to stop a filibuster is called a _ and requires a three-fifths vote.
Term
ten
 Definition
A president can use a pocket veto only in the last _ days of a session.
Term
override
 Definition
A veto _ is the only way to reverse a presidential veto.
Term
constitutional limitations
 Definition
One type of expectations gap for the president is between election promises and _.
Term
head of government; head of state
 Definition
An expectations gap in the president's roles exists between being a _ and a _.
Term
chief administrator
 Definition
As the executive for the United States, the president is the _.
Term
cabinet
 Definition
The president appoints federal employees, including the members of the _.
Term
commander-in-chief
 Definition
For the military, the president's role is the _.
Term
chief foreign policy maker
 Definition
On an international level, the president is the _.
Term
executive agreements
 Definition
As chief foreign policy maker, the president executes treaties with the Senate and makes _.
Term
presidential veto; executive orders
 Definition
The president's three legislative powers are the State of the Union address, the _, and _.
Term
solicitor general; pardoning
 Definition
The president's three judicial powers are federal judge appointments, the use of the _, and _.
Term
senatorial courtesy
 Definition
Appointing federal judges is tempered by _ in the states where the appointees reside.
Term
inherent
 Definition
Starting with Roosevelt's New Deal, presidents began testing their _ powers in times of crisis.
Term
power to persuade
 Definition
Because presidents' powers are limited, they use their _ to achieve what is expected of them.
Term
going public
 Definition
To reach out to Congress, the courts, or citizens, the president often uses the strategy of _.
Term
cycle effect
 Definition
The tendency for presidents to begin office with high popularity ratings which decline is called the _.
Term
honeymoon period
 Definition
Presidents are most effective with Congress during the _.
Term
legislative liaison
 Definition
The president's _ determines what Congress is concerned about and how legislation can be tailored.
Term
divided government
 Definition
When the president is of a different party than the majority in Congress, there is said to be a _.
Term
Executive Office of the President
 Definition
The _ is a collection of organizations that form the president's own bureaucracy.
Term
Office of Management and Budget
 Definition
A major part of the EOP is the _, which controls the money in the federal bureaucracy.
Term
Council of Economic Advisers
 Definition
The _ suggests ways to achieve growth without much inflation.
Term
National Security Council
 Definition
The _ gives the president daily updates about events around the world.
Term
White House Office
 Definition
The _ had about 60 members under Roosevelt, but grew to around 400 under Eisenhower.
Term
presidential style
 Definition
The _ is an image that the American leader tries to spread around the world.
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