Term
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System |
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Term
| The central nervous system consists of |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| The peripheral nervous system consists of ___, which carry messages from special receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs to the brain, and ____, which carry messages from the brain to the muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
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Definition
| sensory nerves; motor nerves |
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Term
| The ___ consists of nerves that are connected to the sensory receptors and to the skeletal muscles that permit voluntary action. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ is divided into the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| when your parasympathetic nervous system is activated, |
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Definition
| your body conserves energy |
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Term
| what is the basic unit of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| how do neurons communicate |
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Definition
| in an electrical and chemical language |
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Term
| three types of cemical messengers are |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters, endorphins, and hormones |
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Term
| chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and in action to opiates are ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the function of hormones is to |
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Definition
| affect the functioning of organs |
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Term
| what part of the brain is responsible for screening incoming information and arousing higher brain centers when something happens that demands attention |
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Definition
| reticular activating system |
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Term
| which brain area is involved in regulating movement and balance, as well as solving problems |
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Definition
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Term
| which brain area is primarily involved in emotional arousal |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the main function of the corpus callosum |
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Definition
| to connect the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| damage to the occipital lobes may result in difficulty with |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ area is responsible for language comprehension and is located in the left ___ lobe. |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to Broca's area may result in difficulty with ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following regions are invoved in the ability to make plans, think creatively, and take initiative? |
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Definition
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Term
| according to neuroscientists, what we call "mind," "consciousness," or "self-awareness" ___. |
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Definition
| can be explained as a product of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| what substances play a role in suppressing pain and promoting pleasure |
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Definition
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Term
| immature brain cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells are called ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| what structure is referred to as the body's "master gland" because it controls many other endocrine glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| which hemisphere is largely responsible for language in most people |
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Definition
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Term
| a periodic fluctuation in a biological system is referred to by psychologists as a |
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Definition
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Term
| a circadian rhythm is defined as |
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Definition
| biological rhythm with a period of about 24 hours |
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Term
| what hormone secreted by the pineal gland is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms |
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Definition
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Term
| during which part of sleep are you most likely to dream |
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Definition
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Term
| what can sleep scientists say about people who do not get enough sleep |
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Definition
| the functioning of their immune system declines |
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Term
| which dream theorist referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious" |
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Definition
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Term
| a central idea in the description of hypnosis is the word |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the sociocognitive explanation of hypnosis, the hypnotized person is |
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Definition
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Term
| your cousin Brenda says she is suffering from the following symptoms and claims it is due to PMS. Which is most questionable? -irritability and depression, breast tenderness, water retention, cramps |
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Definition
| irritability and depression |
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Term
| research has found __ between phase of menstrual cycle and work efficiency, problem solving, college exam scores, and creativity. |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulants exert their influence on the brain by ___. |
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Definition
| speeding up activity in the central nervous system |
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Term
| amphetamines belong to which drug category |
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Definition
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Term
| opiates exert their influence on the brain by |
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Definition
| mimicking the action of endorphins, producing a feeling of euphoria |
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Term
| what effect do psychedelics have on the body |
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Definition
| they disrupt normal thought processes such as perception of time and space |
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Term
| research has shown that one's response to drugs depends on ___ |
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Definition
| a combination of mental set, experience with the drug, physical condition, and environment |
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Term
| what is the difference between sensation and perception |
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Definition
| sensation is the detection of sensory stimuli, whereas perception is the interpretation of sensory information |
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Term
| __ is a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sense also evokes a sensation in another |
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Definition
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Term
| difference threshold is defined as the |
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Definition
| smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared |
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Term
| signal detection theory assumes that ____. |
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Definition
| a person's response depends on the stimulus and on a decision about it |
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Term
| during a break from his job as a waiter, Bernardo begins to read Hamlet and is so engrossed in the play that he fails to notice the clattering of dishes all around him. This is an example of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount, or intensity, of the light an object emits or reflects is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Brightness is related to the ___ of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| Saturation is related to the ___ of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| The dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a wave's pressure that is measured in decibels is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The stimulus for ___ is a wave of pressure created when an object vibrates. |
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Definition
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Term
| When all the frequencies of the sound spectrum occur, they produce a hissing sound called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Exposure to extremely loud noise for a brief period, or more moderate levels for a sustained period, can damage the ear's receptor cells so that they ___. |
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Definition
| flop over like broken blades of grass |
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Term
| The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you look at your tongue in a mirror, you will notice many bumps that are called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nests of taste-receptor cells that up close look like little segmented oranges are called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The highest concentration of taste receptors is found in the center of the tongue. (true or false) |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the sense of body position and movement of body parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tendency to perceive what you expect is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 main parts of the neuron and their functions. |
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Definition
1. dendrites- receive messages from other nerve cells and transmit them to the cell body, prelimary processing of of messages
2. cell body- contains biochemical machinery for keeping neurons alive, determines whether neuron should transmit message to other neurons
3. axon- transmit messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells |
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Term
| Name three main structures within the brain stem and describe what they do. |
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Definition
1.medulla- responsible for bodily functions that do not have to be consciously willed
2. pons- sleeping, walking, and dreaming
3. reticular activating system- screens incoming info and arouses higher centers whens omething needs their attention |
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Term
| Physically, how do male and female brains differ? |
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Definition
| frontal lobes and limbic systems are larger in women, parietal cortex and amygdala are larger in men, women have more cortical folds in frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
| What is the purpose of sleep and how does it benefit us |
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Definition
Purpose- alow new brain cells to develop, allows body to eliminate waste products from muscles, repair cells, conserve energy stores, strengthen immune system
Benefits- enhances memory and problem solving |
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Term
| what are common consequences of sleeplessness |
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Definition
| weakened immune system, grogginess the next day |
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Term
| what is sleep apnea and what causes it |
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Definition
| a disorder in which breathing periodically stops causing the person to choke and gasp caused by blockage of air passages or failure of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| when your eyes are open, but you are seeing dreamlike hallucinations or a scary image |
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Term
| what is narcolepsy and what causes it |
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Definition
| sleep disorder in which a person is subject to irresistable sleeping attacks from 5 to 30 minutes caused by degeneration of neurons in hypothalamus |
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Term
| outline the three dream theories |
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Definition
1. Psychoanalytic interpretation- tradional theory, considered to be farfetched, no reliable rules for interpreting content of dreams or way to know if interpretation is correct, no support for claims
2. Activation synthesis- thought dreams were disjointed or bizarre, doesn't account for dreaming outside of REM sleep
3. Cognitive approach- fairly new, some claims aren't tested against evidence, leading contender because it thinks about many elements |
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Term
| outline the two preminent explanations of hypnosis |
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Definition
1. dissociation theory- while the mind is subject to hypnotic suggestion, one part is a hidden observer that is watching, but not participating so it is unaware of the observer
2. sociocognitive approach- result from interaction between social influence of hypnotists and abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject, person who is hypnotized is playing a role but not faking |
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Term
| What is the difference in anatomical and functional encoding of sensory info |
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Definition
Anatomical ecoding- different sensory modalities exist because signals recieved by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain.
Functional encoding- rely on sensory receptors and neurons to fire only in the presence of specific forms of stimuli |
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Term
| What is the difference in sensory adaptation and sensory overload? |
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Definition
| Sensory adaptation is the reduction of sesnory responsiveness that occurs when stimulation is repetitious, but sensory overload is when there is too much stimulation which triggers sensory responsiveness too much and causes fatigue and confusion |
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Term
| what is the difference in rods and cones |
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Definition
| rods are long and narrow, but cones are coneshaped and not as sensitive to light, allowing us to see in the dark |
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Term
| describe the three types of cones proposed by the trichromatic theory of color vision |
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Definition
| each one responds to blue, green, or red to form all the colors we see |
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Term
| describe the evolutionary significance of bitter and sweet tastes |
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Definition
bitter- allows us to identify rancid or poisonous foods
sweet- helps us identify foods rich in calories or healthy foods |
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Term
| what is different about supertasters |
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Definition
| supertasters find sweet and salty tastes even sweeter and saltier, saccharin, caffeine, and broccoli extra bitter, more burn from pepper, ginger, and hot chilies, MORE TASTES BUDS than other people and CERTAIN PAPILLAE ARE SMALLER AND MORE DENSILY PACKED than others |
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Term
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Definition
| warmth, cold, pain, touch |
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Term
| why is it important to distinguish between subliminal perception and subliminal persuasion |
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Definition
| so we can study each effectively and determine whether they exist or not |
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Term
1. explain basic concepts of gate control theory
2.what is melzack's neuromatrix explanation of phantom pain |
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Definition
1. experience of pain depends on whether pain impulses get past a neurological gate in the spinal cord to reach the brain
2. the brain responds to incoming singals from sesnory nerves and can generate pain on its own. a matrix of neurons int he brain gives us a sense of our own bodies and its parts so when the matrix produces abnormal patterns of activity, the result is pain |
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Term
| what are the roles of needs, beliefs, emotions, and expectations in our perception of the world around us |
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Definition
Need-if we need something, we are more likely to perceive it (hungry people can see words related to hunger quicker when flashed on a screen)
Belief- our beliefs affect our interpretation of sensory signals (devil's face in 9/11 towers' smoke)
Emotion- influences sesnory info (child seeing ghost instead of robe in dark)
Expectation- previous experiences affect it (expecting words to be spelled right therefore reading them right |
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Term
| What happened when Randi offered 1,000,000 dollars to anyone who can prove they have ESP |
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Definition
| everyone tried, nobody won |
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Term
| 3 crit thinking guidelines applied to ESP |
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Definition
examine the evidence- there is no proof that ESP exists-in fact, its the opposite
avoid emotional reasoning- make sure to go with what the evidence says instead of saying "well medium is my fave show so i believe in ESP"
ask questions- keep asking questions about how they could have ESP |
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